研究生科技英语阅读答案(3)

a heatstroke. That is the reason why our ancestors had to develop a better cooling system, and the answer was sweat, which dissipates heat through evaporation.

5. How many sweat glands does each human have after a million years of natural selection? Why does human skin dry much quicker than chimpanzee skin?

A million years of natural selection later, each human has about 2 million sweat glands spread across his or her body. Human skin is less hairy than chimpanzee skin, and it dries much quicker.

6. What is the weak point of hariless skin?

Hairless skin is particularly vulnerable to damage from sunlight.

7. What sort of connections did Jablonski find respectively in a 1978 study and at a seminar on embryonic development?

She found the effects of ultraviolet light on folate in a 1978 study that showed an hour of intense sunlight is enough to cut folate levels in half if your skin is light. And she made the second crucial connection that low folate levels are correlated with neural-tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, in which infants are born without a full brain or spinal cord at a seminar on embryonic development.

8. What had the biochemist W. Farnsworth Loomis suggested as far back as the 1960s? Is his hypothesis absolutely sound and reasonable by the time Jablonski did her research?

He had suggested that skin color is determined by the body's need for vitamin D. The vitamin helps the body absorb calcium and deposit it in bones, an essential function, particularly in fast-growing embryos. By the time Jablonski did her research, Loomis's hypothesis had been partially disproved.

9. Why have people in the tropics developed dark skin and people far from the equator developed fair skin?

People in the tropics have developed dark skin to block out the sun and protect their body's folate reserves. People far from the equator have developed fair skin to drink in the sun and produce adequate amounts of vitamin D during the long winter months. 10. What is the significane of this research?

This research is helpful to alert people to the importance of vitamin D and folate in their diet. More important, this work will begin to change the way people think about skin color, a topic that has caused so much disagreement, so much suffering, and so much misunderstanding, and completely disarm it.

II. Vocabulary

1. dismayed 2. formulated 3. dissipate 4. evaporation 5. forage for 6. dispersing 7. hampered 8. correlated with 9. defect 10. inhibits 11. overdose 12. disproved 13. block out 14. reserves 15. complement

III. Translation 1.

(1) went through the literature on the subject 查阅这一专题的文献

a recent issue of the Journal of Human Evolution 最近一期的《人类进化杂志》 exposure to the sun 强烈阳光

are particularly vulnerable to overheating 特别易受过热温度的伤害 to absorb or disperse ultraviolet light 吸收或散射紫外线 children's neural-tube defects 婴儿的神经管缺陷 overdosing on vitamin D 过量摄取维生素D

hard data correlating skin color to light levels 与肤色与光线水平有关联的过硬数据。ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射

alert people to the importance of vitamin D 使人们注意他们饮食中富含维生素D的重要性

(2) 20世纪80年代以前，研究人员只能对究竟有多少紫外线辐射到达地球表面做出估计。但在1978年，美国航空航天局（NASA）发射了―臭氧总量测绘分光计‖。3年前，杰布隆斯基和卓别林得到了该分光计所测的全球紫外线测量数据。他们把这些数据与已经发表的来自50多个国家的有关当地人口肤色的数据进行了比较。令他们欣慰的是，它们之间有着明确无误的相关性：紫外线越弱，皮肤就越白皙。杰布隆斯基进而表明，生活在纬度50度以上的人缺乏维生素D的风险最高。―这曾是人类定居历史上最后的障碍之一，‖ 杰布隆斯基说。―只是在人类学会了捕鱼，因而能获得富含维生素D的食物后，他们才能够定居在这些地区。‖ 2.

(1) 中暑 heatstroke 浅色的皮肤 light skin

早在20世纪60年代 As far back as the 1960s 阻挡紫外线 block the light

明确无误的相关性 an unmistakable correlation 缺乏维生素D vitamin D deficiency

富含维生素D的食物 food rich in vitamin D 远离赤道的人 People far from the equator 吸收阳光 drink in the sun 云雾迷漫的地方 cloudy climes

(2) He was not severely punished for his crime (3) advance our knowledge of the HIV virus.

(4) when taken according to the direction/instruction (5) to have no access to the health service (6) He has some vague ideas about what to do

(7) After three days of dismay they submitted to him and begged his forgiveness.

(8) No sooner had the controversy within the administration been settled than another more violent storm burst over the country

(9) The UN and its agencies protect vulnerable groups, like children, refugees,

displaced persons, minorities, indigenous people and the disabled. (10) A recent research finds that Listening to loud music while driving can seriously hamper reaction times and cause accidents. (11) During the SARS outbreak, the lack of effective medicines and doctors had devastating consequences to all people of the world. (12) When it comes to your skin, there is an extremely important fact that you must keep in mind: Your skin is the largest organ of your body. As an obvious result, skin health and maintenance is crucial. Your skin does everything from protecting you from the elements to assisting you with breathing. Your skin keeps your body hydrated and regulates your body's temperature. In the end, this really is only the beginning of all of the various vital functions that your skin provides to you every moment of your life.

IV. Cloze

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