四六级阅读理解(5)

读者须准确理解被指代的对象。通常, 我们可根据上下文的句子结构、主谓一致关系以及语义关系等来确定所指代的内容。 例3： The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm. 文中的黑体字they若是指高声呼叫的支持者, 则与后面的意思（对这种热情很少作出响应）不合。因此, they只能指球队球员。 例4： Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against. 文中黑体字him若指的是主语Scot Fitsgerald, 则应该用反身代词himself, 而不能用him, 因此, 这里指后文的Hemingway。 4. 注意文章的结构安排 在考试中遇到的一个突出问题是, 文章读过一遍后, 对一些具体细节在答题时又需花许多时间回头去找。在前一节中我们提到, 在寻找确定文章的中心意思时可采用浏览的方法, 在浏览过程中, 还应该注意文章的结构安排, 注意段与段, 细节与细节之间的关系。这样浏览一遍之后即可确定文章的主题, 同时对各细节的部位也能大致做到心中有数, 在做识别重要细节的题目时, 只要找文章相应的部位就可以了, 而不必从头到尾再读一遍文章。说明主题的细节通常采取以下几种方式排列： A. 简单列举； B. 按事件重要性排列； C. 时间顺序； D. 空间关系； E. 因果关系； F. 对比关系。 阅读时注意细节的安排方式，就可以迅速在相应的位置找到题的答案。做这类题时最好先阅读题目、弄清题的具体要求(如是问关于人物的, 地点的, 还是问有关事件结果的, 等等), 再有针对性地查阅(Scanning)文章, 跳过那些与题无关的细节, 迅速找到有关的细节, 最后与选择项一一对比, 找出正确答案。 例5： In 776 BC the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greeks' chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth. Therefore, contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths（橄榄枝叶圈）placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds. Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place. The Greeks attached so much importance to these games that they calculated time in four-year cycles called \ 1. Approximately how many years ago did these games originate? A) 776 years B) 2, 277 years C) 1, 205 years D) 2, 766 years 2. Which of the following is not true? A) Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads. B) The games were held in Greece every four years. C) Battles were interrupted to participate in the games. D) Poems glorified the winners in song. 第一题问的是奥林匹克运动会的起源, 是个时间问题。在文中迅速查找, 发现一个日期：776 B.C.与选择项一一对比根据题目的要求, 做一个简单推算。得出答案D. 第二题略为复杂, 询问四个选择项中的各细节哪一个与原文不符。A中的主要内容与Winners有关, 迅速在文中查找与winners有关的句子, 文中说到：\Wreaths placed on their heads...\也就是说, 他人为获胜者戴上橄榄枝叶圈, 并不是获胜者自己为自己戴上, 由此可以断定A is not true. 例6：1991年6月的四级试题,第31题 According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be_____ A) a technical failure B) a technical wonder C) a good life-saver D) an effective means to treat heart disease 本题是一道考核学生辨认重要事实的题目,问的是本文论述的人造心脏Jarvik-7到底性能和效果如何? 文章一开始就说人造心脏Javik-7是一大技术成就。但用的是过去时, 也就是说曾经被看成是一大技术成就。接着文章第又提到：...the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than save them和Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning the device。 另外, 根据对上下文的全面理解进行正确判断, 可以知道全文的意思是说人造心脏Javik-7其实是一大失败, 作者甚至对要不要生产人造心脏都提出了质疑。可见阅读时要仔细, 答题时尤其不能凭常识想当然地猜测。 五、练习 Stealing salt was considered a major crime during some eras of history. In the 18th century, for instance, if a person was caught stealing salt, he