Argument逻辑错误模板构造
张雷冬老师网站上摘的。
Examples of template construction
1. Selective sample: to sample only part of sub‐groups in the whole general population.
quantity of the sample, are the respondents representative, changing scopes.
to point out that the current sample is not randomly selected and could not represent the general group, or that the survey studies only some special groups of subjects and many other sub‐groups have been ignored.
EXAMPLE:
T.S ( pointing out that the current sample is not representative)
One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey.
EXPLANATION: the author considers only…(selective sub‐groups)
CONCESSION: although (the sub‐groups the author studied) do constitute a significant part of (the whole general population), however, (many other sub‐groups) are actually excluded from the survey.
ILLUSTRATIONS: (the conditions/situation of other sub‐groups might be quite different)
PARAGRAPHIC CONCLUSION: without ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not make any general conclusion about… merely based on (selective sub‐groups).
2. Quantity of the sample the size of the sample is insignificant to be statistically representative.
selective sample, are the respondents representative, changing scopes.
to point out that the current sample is not sufficient in size, and might not represent all other sub‐groups.
EXAMPLE:
T.S ( pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size)
(the fact cited by the author) could hardly illustrate the assumption that….
EXPLANATION: because the author provides only N samples of (the general population),
TRANSITION: however, (the limited sample) might not be representative of the whole general group.
ILLUSTRATIONS: (the sample is too limited to be representative)
PARAGRAPHIC CONCLUSION: thus we cannot accept the author’s conclusion that… before he/she could provide more statistic data about (the situation of other sub‐groups).
3. Do the statistics make any difference: the purpose or the result of the survey is insignificant in supporting the final conclusion.
what question was asked in the survey, insufficient evidence.
to point out that the result of the study could not give support to the final conclusion, or even has nothing to do with the conclusion in some cases.
EXAMPLE:
T.S ( pointing out that the result of the survey is insignificant)
The information provided by the author is insufficient for the author to reach the conclusion.
EXPLANATION: the survey only studies the situation of …(an(some) insignificant case(s)),
TRANSITION: however, many other more essential cases (related to the final conclusion) were ignored in the survey. ILLUSTRATIONS: (we need to know the condition of some other cases about which we care more/ the current case studied in the survey makes little sense on the final conclusion, the author should provide some more important
张雷冬老师网站上摘的。
information about the case he studied. )
PARAGRAPHIC CONCLUSION: Lacking further studies on these important issues, the author could not hastily conclude that… merely based on the insignificant study.
4. What question was asked in the survey: the question asked in the survey was not d …… 此处隐藏:28832字,全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……
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