国际贸易复习精华

国贸考试复习内容

一、名词解释（言之成理吧）

Internal economics内部规模经济：expanding the firm's own scale of production raises its productivity and cut its average cost

Stolper-Samuelson Theorem斯托珀尔—萨缪尔森定理：According to H--O theory, international trade is almost sure to pided society into two groups:

gainers-from-trade and losers-from-trade, because changes in relative prices are likely to raise the revenues of production at the expense of others.

External economics外部规模经济：productivity gains and costs reductions that an inpidual firm reaps from the expansion of other firms in the same industry Effective tariff rate有效关税保护率：the percentage change in the value added in an industry because of the imposition of a tariff structure by the country rather than the existence of free trade

Optimal tariff最佳关税：The optimum tariff is that rate of tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade. Trade creation贸易创造：Trade creation takes place whenever economic integration leads to a shift in product origin from a higher-resource-cost domestic producer to a lower-resource-cost member producer. Such a shift represents a movement in the direction of the free-trade allocation of resources and hence is presumably beneficial for welfare

Rybczynshi theorem罗伯津斯基定理：the development of a new natural resource, may reduce the development of other lines of production

Law of comparative Advantage比较优势: comparative advantage comes from the relative difference of productivities based on the relative difference of technologies. A nation should produce and export the commodities of comparative advantage, and import the commodities of comparative disadvantage.

Terms of trade贸易条件：the ratio of the price of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity

The Leontief Paradox里昂惕夫之谜：Since the United States was the most K-abundant nation in the world, Leontief in 1951 used U.S. data for the year 1947 and expected to find that it exported K-intensive commodities and imported L-intensive commodities

The results of Leontief’s test were starling. That is, the U.S. seemed to export L-intensive commodities and import K-intensive commodities. This was the opposite of what the H-O model predicted and because known as the Leontief Paradox.（就是说根据H-O理论，美国是一个资本密集型的国家，应该出口资本密集型的产品，进口劳动密集型的产品，但事实缺相反）

Economics of scale规模经济：the percent reduction in average costs achieved by expending all inputs by a given percentage

Infant industry幼稚产业: An industry in which there is a potential advantage in the future, but because lack of know-how and the initial small level of output, will not be set up or, if already started, cannot successfully compete with more established foreign firms.

Buyers credit买家信贷：the exporting nation gives foreign buyers of the nation’s exports low-interest loans to finance the purchase

二、画图

1. The effect of an Import Quota under Monopolist conditions.

垄断条件下的进口配额效应

P170

2. Welfare effect of export subsidy in large country case.

贸易大国情形下出口补贴的经济效应P183

producer surplus a + b + c

consumer surplus a + b

government subsidy b + c + d + shadow

net social cost b + d + shadow

3. Rybczynski theorem. 罗伯津斯基定理

P110

4. Subsidy to an import-competing industry对进口替代产业的生产补贴

P187

5. Different tastes as a Basis for Trade.需求偏好不同所导致的国际贸易P99 (如第一章课件，牛肉和红酒的东东)

6. immiserizing growth. 贫困化增长

P111

7.Draw a map and then explain the impact of tariff（关税）: the small

country case

price effect: p* rise to p*+t

consumer effect: -(a+b+c+d)

producer effect: a

trade effect: M0 decrease to M1

revenue effect: c

redistribution of income effect: the loss of consumer transfer to the benefit of producer or the revenue of government

net welfare effect: -(b+d)

8. Dumping. 倾销P90

三、计算

1.REP （REP = ( V’ – V) / V）

2.Trade persion

贸易创造a+b、贸易转移a+c

3.The gain of a country from import tariff

1. 设中国是汽车进口（import）的小国，对汽车的需求和供给(demand and supply)分别为：

Dc = 2000 - 0.02 P ， Sc = 1200 + 0.03 P

并设国际市场上汽车的价格为10000美元，请用数字和图形说明下列问题：

(1)自由贸易(free trade)下，中国汽车的产量(production)及进出口量(imports and exports), 自由贸易对国内消费(domestic consumption)及厂商的福利影响 (the welfare of manufacturers)

(2)中国对汽车征收(levied)每辆3000美元的进口税(import duties)，国内汽车的产量及贸易量；与自由贸易相比，消费者(consumers)和厂商的福利变化。

① Before the free trade , we can find that

2000-0.02P=1200+0.03P, P=16000 , D=S=1680

With the free trade at the price of P=1000

S=1200+0.03*10000=1500 , D=2000-002*10000=1800

So the production of China is: 1500

the import of China is :1800-1500=300

the free trade results in an increase in CS of area ACDE and a reduction in PS of area ACEB.

② When China levied per $ 3,000 on car import duties

P＝13000， D＝2000-0.02P＝1740，S＝1200+0.03P＝1590，

the import of China is: 1740－1590＝150

The increase in the price of car from 1000 to 13000 as a result of the tariff leads to a reduction in CS of area ACDB and an increase of area AFEB.

2. 两国贸易模型

中国： 美国：

Dc=2000—0.02P Duc=1 …… 此处隐藏：11363字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……