《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)(6)

4). a word has to do with its social function.

5). a word may consist of one or more morphemes.

6). Words are part of the large communication system we call language.

7). A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.

5、 Lexical words: are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and so on.

6、 The morphemes are the ultimate constituents, the smallest meaningful units of language.

One morpheme: boy, desire, say

Two morphemes: boy+ish, desire+able

Three morphemes: boy+ish+ness, desire+able+ity

Four morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity

7、 Phonemes, which are the smallest working units of sound per se, build up into morphemes, a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes.

8、 Lexical item as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants.

9、 Types of morphemes:

1). Bound morphemes and free morphemes

2). Derivational and inflectional morphemes

10、seven types of meaning:

conceptual meaning,

connotative meaning,

social meaning,

affective meaning,

reflected meaning,

collocative meaning,

thematic meaning.

11、conceptual meaning, which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.

12、connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to , over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations vary from age or age, from society to society, and from individual to individual within the same speech community.

13、roots tend to have a core meaning which is in some way modified by the affix, but determining meaning is sometimes tricky.

14、polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.

15、homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.

16、purely Germanic, a large part of this vocabulary has disappeared from the language. results of the Norman Conquest and the conditions which followed that event; others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to appear in Old English; in grammar， English vocabulary was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English marked its beginning. Printing played a major role in fostering the norms of spelling and pronunciation. Throughout the modern period, written English has been quite uniform. It is the transitional period from Middle English to Modern English period.

growth of scientific vocabulary; the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language; the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.

17、major influences on English:

The Scandinavian influence

The Norman Conquest

The Latin influence

18、borrowing is the process of imitating a word from a foreign language and, at least partly, adapting it in sound or grammar to the native language. The word thus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing.

19、three ways of extending the word stock: borrowing words that already exist in other languages; creating entirely new words; forming new words from existing resources within the word stock.

20、English has some built-in processes of creating words: the addition of prefixes and suffixes; blending; compounding; conversion; back formation.

21、inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words andP55看表格的例子

22、affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base. Derivation refers

to the creation of a new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem. Two principal kinds of affixation: prefixing and suffixing. Prefixes like un-, pre-, and dis- serve to change the meaning of words, though not usually their part of speech. Suffixes and prefixes often change the grammatical class of words.

23、compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. Characteristics : phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.

24、conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.

P67看 Noun-verb:……… 看P68表格 看P74表格

25、backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.

26、26、there are many different sources of idioms: every-day life; food and cooking; agricultural life; nautical life and military life; many idioms are related to parts of the body, animals, and colors.

28、idioms can be divided into three groups:

The first group has irregular form but clear meaning.

The second group has a regular form but an unclear meaning. …… 此处隐藏：2754字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……