《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)(4)

3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];

(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];

(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].

4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.

(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘..

(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various

kinds of ―looking‖.

5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0

(b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).

6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.

7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.

(b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone

or something directly.

(c) ?Like a bull in a china shop‘ is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much

enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ?bull market‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in

anticipation of profits.

8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glassThey can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.

Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass

Chapter 2

1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,

sung.

Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s. Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.

Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.

2. quick-ly,down-stair-s, four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude

3. island, cranberry,

4.(a)[ ?](b)[ -ai]

5. (1) –?s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed

6. The connotations are as follows:

(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.

7. { -?m; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}

8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy

fleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy

9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c),(4)—(e),(5)—(a),(6)—(d),(7)—(b)

10.(1) unpractical (2) break

(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) raze

Chapter 3

1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and

Modern English periods.

In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ?kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ?loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.

In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.

In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. …… 此处隐藏：2880字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……