2019年6月英语四级考试卷一真题及答案解析和听力原文(2)

A. create

B. depressed

C. eventually

D. experiences

E. exploring

F. exterior

G. habitats

H. innovate

I. intentionally

J. investment

K. revealing

L. stretches

M. stripped

N. territory

O. victim

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet

2019年6月英语四级考试卷一真题及答案解析和听力原文

2.

Make Stuff, Fail, And Learn While You’re At It

[A] We’ve always been a hands-on, do-it-yourself kind of nation. Ben Franklin, one of America’s founding fathers, didn’t just invent the lightning rod. His creations include glasses, innovative stoves and more.

[B] Franklin, who was largely self-taught, may have been a genius, but he wasn’t really an exception when it comes to American making and creativity.

[C] The personal computing revolution and philosophy of disruptive innovation of Silicon Valley grew, in part, out of the creations of the Homebrew Computer Club, Which was founded in a garage in Menlo Park, California, in the mid-1970s . Members —including guys named Jobs and Wozniak —started making and inventing things they couldn’t buy.

[D]So it’s no surprise that the Maker Movement today is thriving in communities and some schools across America. Making is available to ordinary people who aren’t tied to big companies, big defense labs or research universities. The maker philosophy echoes old ideas advocated by John Dewey, Montessori, and even ancient Greek philosophers, as we pointed out recently.

[E] These maker spaces are often outside of classrooms, and are serving an important educational function. The Maker Movement is rediscovering learning by doing, which is Dewey’s phrase from 100 years ago. We are rediscovering Dewey and Montes sori and a lot of the practices that they pioneered that have been forgotten or at least put aside.

A maker space is a place which can be in a school , but it doesn’t look like a classroom. It can be in a library. It can be out in the community. It has tools and materials. It’s a place where you get to make things based on your interest and on what you’re learning to do.

[F] Ideas about learning by doing have struggled to become mainstream educationally, despite being old concepts from Dewey and Montessori, Plato and Aristotle, and in the American Contcxt, Ralph Emerson, on the value of experience and self-reliance. It’s not necessarily an efficient way to learn. We learn, in a sense, by trial and error. Learning from experience is something that takes time and patience. It’s very individualized. If your goal is to have standardized approaches to learning, where everybody learns the same thing at

2019年6月英语四级考试卷一真题及答案解析和听力原文

the same time in the same way, then learning by doing doesn’t really fit that mold anymore. It’s not the world of textbooks. It’s not the world of testing.

[G]Learning by doing may not be efficient, but it is effective. Project-based learning has grown in popularity with teachers and administrators. However, project-based learning is not making. Although there is a connection, there is also a distinction. The difference lies in whether the project is in a sense defined and developed by the student or whether it’s assigned by a teacher. We’ll all get the kids to build a small boat. We are all going to learn about X, Y, and Z. That tends to be one form of project-based learning.

[H] I really believe the core idea of making is to have an idea within your head —or you just borrow it from someone —and begin to develop it , repeat it and improve it. Then, realize that idea somehow. That thing that you make is valuable to you and you can share it with others. I’m interested in how these things are expressions of that person, their ideas, and their interactions with the world.

[I]In some ways, a lot of forms of making in school trivialize (使变得无足轻重) making. The thing that you make has no value to you. Once you are done demonstrating whatever concept was in the textbook, you throw away the pipe cleaners, the cardboard tubes.

[J]Making should be student-directed and student - led, otherwise it’s boring. It doesn’t have the motivation of the student. I’m not saying that students should not learn concepts or not learn skills. They do. But to really harness their motivation is to build upon their interest. It’s to let them be in control and to drive the car.

[K]Teachers should aim to build a supportive, creative environment for students to do this work. A very social environment, where they are learning from each other. When they have a problem, it isn’t the teacher nec essarily coming in to solve it. They are responsible for working through that problem. It might be they have to talk to other students in the class to help get an answer.

[L] The teacher’s role is more of a coach or observer. Sometimes, to people,it sounds like this is a diminished rote for teachers . I think it’s a heightened role. You’re ereating this environment, like a maker space. You have 20 kids doing different things. You are watching them and really it’s the human behaviors you’re looking at . Are they engaged? Are they

2019年6月英语四级考试卷一真题及答案解析和听力原文

developing and repeating their project? Are they stumbling (受挫) ? Do they need something that they don’t have? Can you help them be aware of where they are?

[M]My belief is that the goal of making is not to get every kid to be hands-on, but it enable us to be good lea …… 此处隐藏：6026字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……