中国文化概况 Chapter 5

中国文化概况

A Glimpse of Chinese Culture

Chapter 5Education

中国文化概况

中国文化概况

本章教学的目的

1. 了解中国教育发展简史; 2. 掌握古今教育有关常用术语; 3. 探讨中国教育现状及心目中的优秀教师 标准。

中国文化概况

本章教学的重难点

1. 古代教育模式、科举制度 2. 现代教育基本概况 3. 国际交流与合作 4. 有关优秀教师标准的讨论

中国文化概况

本章教学的时间安排

教师课堂讲解(60 minutes)

1. The Development of Traditional Education(25 minutes)

2. Present Education (30 minutes) 3. International Exchanges and Cooperation (5

师生讨论 (10 minutes)

minutes)

学生课件展示 (30 minutes)

中国文化概况

The Development of Traditional Education ( 25 minutes)

Private Schools (5 minutes) Official Schools (10 minutes ) Imperial Examination System (10 minutes)

中国文化概况

Private Schools

A private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study. In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.

中国文化概况

中国文化概况

Official Schools

Official schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored (创办) by the official constitution called Xiangxue (乡学: official institutions). Only children of nobles were admitted. The official schooling system included a central school and local schools in different administrative regions. The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics (四书五经).

中国文化概况

What are the Four Books and the Five Classics ?Four Books

Five Classics

The Great Learning《大学》

The Book of Poems

《诗经》

The Doctrine of Mean《中庸》

The Book of HistoryThe Book of Rites The Book of Changes

《尚书》

The Analects of Confucius 《论语》 Mencius 《孟子》

《礼记》

《易经》

The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》

中国文化概况

The Academy of Classic Learning (书院)

It came into being during the Tang Dynasty and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. They were established in various localities for studies and lectures.

中国文化概况

Do you know four famous academies of ancient China?

Yuelu Academy (岳麓书院)

Bailudong Academy (白鹿洞书院)

中国文化概况

Songyang Academy (嵩阳书院)

Yingtian Academy (应天书院)

中国文化概况

How did the imperial examination system appear?

After the Sui Dynasty, these private and official schools had gradually deteriorated (衰败) into a dependency on the imperial examination system (科举考试制度), through which officials were selected.

中国文化概况

Imperial Examination System

The system of the imperial examination, or Keju (科举) in Chinese, dominated education

in China’s feudal society. It became the method, by which talented people were recognized and selected as government officials. The practice began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination, which was held during the Qing Dynasty.

中国文化概况

What are the two levels conducted in the Imperial Examination?

“Xiangshi” (乡试) During the Ming and the Qing dynasties, imperial examinations were held once every three years in various provincial capitals for the selection of Juren from the Xiucai who had passed such an examination at the county level.

中国文化概况

“Huishi” (会试) During the Ming and the Qing dynasties imperial examinations were held once every three years in the capital for those candidates successful in the provincial examination.

中国文化概况

The civil examination

It featured writing, which involved the writing of an Eightpart essay (八股文), and was designed to select Jinshi 。

An essay in this style must consist of eight paragraphs: setting the theme (破题), exposition (承题), explanation (起讲), proceeding to set hand (入 手), the stating part (起股), the middle part (中股), the real part (后股) and the ending part (束股), each of the last four parts includes two pairs of parallel sentences, totaling eight pairs.

中国文化概况