中考动词语法详解(3)

（1）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句，例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.

（2）用于状语从句。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先的，用过去完成时；发生在后的，用一般过去时，例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

中考动词语法详解

（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”，例如：

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3．过去完成时的时间状语：before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as等，例如： By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. By the end of the match，they had kicked two goals and we had kicked four． We had reached the station before ten o'clock． When I got there，you had already started playing． Wang Lin had mended the radio before his brother returned． 四、语态

1. 语态种类：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。 2. 被动语态的形式

英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。

现以ask为例，将各种人称、数和时态的被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如表10.17所示。

表10.17 被动语态的形式

中考动词语法详解

动词

肯 定 式 We are asked... You are asked... They are asked... I was asked... You were asked.

.. He was asked...

否 定 式 We are not asked... You are not asked... They are not asked... I was not asked... You were not asked... He was not asked...

疑 问 式 Are we asked...? Are you asked...? Are they asked...? Was I asked...? Were you asked...? Was he asked...?

She were not asked... 一般过去时 She was asked... We were not asked... We were asked... You were not asked... You were asked... They were not asked... They were asked... I shall be asked… You/He/She will be asked… 一般将来时 We shall be asked… You/They will be asked… Will you /they be asked...? I/You have been asked… 现在 完成 时 Have /we/you /they been asked...? 过去 完成 时 I am being asked… 现在 进行 时 He/She is being asked… We/You/They are being asked… Are we /you /they being asked…? 过去 进行 时 You were being asked… You were not being asked… Were you being asked…? I was being asked… I was not being asked… Was I being asked…? You are being asked… I am not being asked… You are not being asked… He/She is not being asked… We/You/They are not being asked… Is he/she being asked…? Am I being asked…? Are you being asked…? I/You/He/She/We/They/You had been asked… I/You/He/She/We/They/You had not Had I/you /he /she/we /you /they been asked… been asked...? He/She has been asked… We/You/They have been asked… I/You have not been asked… He/She has not been asked… We/You/They have not been asked… Has he /she been asked...? Have I /you been asked? We shall not be asked… You/They will not be asked… Shall we be asked...? I shall not be asked… You/He/She will not be asked… Will you /he /she be asked...? Shall I be asked...? Were they asked...? Were we asked...? Was she asked...?

中考动词语法详解

3. 主动语态变为被动语态其比较见表10-18。

表10.18 主动语态变为被动语态的比较

*by短语有时可省去，上面例句中括号内的部分即表示可以省略的by短语。 4. 被动语态的用法

被动语态常用于下列几种情况：

（1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，例如： This jacket is made of cotton. 这件夹克是棉布的。

The book was written for children. 这本书是为儿童而写的。

（2）当我们既关心动作的承受者也关心动作的执行者时，用by加动作执行者来表示，例如： Food is needed by every living thing. 食物是每个生物的必需品。 5. 短语动词的被动语态