Car (DK Eyewitness Books)

老爷车

老爷车

EyewitnessCar

老爷车

Austin emblem

Electric side light c. 19301958 Morris Mini Minor

Buick emblem

Bulb horn from 1908 Mercedes

Early spark plug

Oil motor lamp c. 1900Spoked car wheel c. 19001930 Bentley 4.5 liter

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老爷车

老爷车

Contents

6 Horseless power8 The pioneers10 Warning signals12 Coachbuilt splendor14 The open road16 Mass-production18 Supercharged power20 Lighting the way22 Traveling in style26 High performance28 American dream30 Cars for the city32 Racing car34 Creating a car36 The anatomy of a car42 The driving force44 How the engine works46 Inside the engine

Early spark plugs48 Fuel and air50 Vital spark52 The drive train54 Smoothing the ride56 Stopping and steering58 Changing wheels60 Riding on air62 Marques and makes64 Did you know?66 Car culture68 Find out more70 Glossary72 Index

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Horseless power

Frenchman named Étienne Lenoir gingerly started the engine he had built and mounted between the wheels of an old horse cart. Minutes later, the little cart was trundling through the MAKING A DASH FOR ITVincennes forest near Paris, moved The front panel of many early cars was reminiscent only by the slowly thumping engine. of the “dashboard” of the It was a historic moment, for Lenoir’s horse carriage – so-called because it saved the self-propelled cart was launched into coachman from being a world of horsedrawn carriages and “dashed” by flying stones THE FIRST CAR SOLDthrown up by the horses. Dating from 1888, this is an ad for the stagecoaches, cart tracks and dust Even today, a car’s first car ever sold, Karl Benz’s three-instrument panel is still roads – a world that would soon vanish wheeler “Patent-Motorwagen.”referred to as the dash.forever. Lenoir was not the first to build a “horseless carriage”; carriages powered by cumbersome steam engines had already been made for almost a century. His breakthrough was the invention of the compact “internal combustion” engine (pp. 42-45), which worked by burning gas inside a cylinder. A few years later, these engines were made to run on gasoline and soon the first experimental motor cars were being built. In 1885, the first car to be sold to the public rolled out of the workshops of Karl Benz in Mannheim in Germany. The age of the automobile had begun.

Early cars had curved iron springs to smooth the ride – just like those used on horse coaches throughout the 19th century.

Coach spring

EngineCOACH SPRINGOne afternoon in the summer of 1862, a COACHWORKThe first motor cars owed a great deal to the horse carriage. Indeed, many pioneering cars were simply horse carts with an engine – which is one reason they were known as horseless carriages. Even purpose-built cars were usually made by a traditional coachbuilder, using centuries-old skills and techniques.TAKE AWAY THE HORSE …The similarities between horse carriages and the first cars are obvious. Note the large wheels, boat-shaped body, high driver’s seat, and dashboard.HILL-CLIMBINGMany early cars could not climb hills because they had no gears; they simply came to a standstill and then rolled backward. But on the Benz Victoria of 1890, the driver was given a lever to slip the leather drive belt onto a small pulley. This meant the wheels turned more slowly, but the extra leverage enabled the car to climb uphill. The chain-driven Velo had three of these forward-gear pulleys and one reverse.

HORSE SENSEThe first cars were notoriously unreliable. This cartoon suggested it might be just as well to take a couple of horses along in case of a breakdown.Massive flywheel to keep the engine running smoothlyRear wheels driven by chains looped arwound big cogs on either wheel

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The engine was always mounted behind or under the driver, where the power could be easily transmitted to the rear wheels.

HIGH FOR HORSESREAR ENGINE

Brackets for coach-lampsThe driver of a horse carriage needed a high seat to see over the horses. Early cars had a similar high seat.

Steering column and control wheel

First gear leverPOWER OF THREE HORSESThe single large cylinder of the Benz’s engine was tucked beneath the driver’s seat. It pushed out just under three horsepower – quite enough to propel the car forward at up to 20 mph (30 kph).

ONE-HAND TURNBACK-SEAT DRIVERThe first cars often had small, backward-facing seats at the front, and the driver had to peer over the heads of the front-seat passengers.

ThrottleLight wheels and slow speed meant that the first cars could be steered with a small tiller wheel on an upright column in the middle of the car.

Second gear lever

Main hand brake

Emergency transmission brake

Fuel-air mixture control

Chain drive to wheels

Brake cableGear pulleys driven by leather belts

1898 Benz “Velo”

Lightweight bicycle wheels: quite adequate until engines became more powerfulThe pioneering Benz factory led the world in carmaking in the early years and by 1896 had built over 130 cars. The solid, reliable Benz “Velo,” introduced in 1894, was the first car ever to sell in significant numbers.Solid rubber tires

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The pioneers

By 1900, cars were looking more like cars and less like horse carriages. The pioneering cars were difficult to start, and even more difficult to drive. But each year new ideas made the car a more practical and useful machine. In France, carmakers such as Panhard Levassor, De Dion Bouton, and Renault were especially inventive. It was Panhard who thought of putting the …… 此处隐藏：5661字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……