工程造价毕业论文外文文献(2)

And, most importantly, concentrating non-laboratory functions into an adjoining, lower-cost structure (as discussed in detail above).

To further control laboratory construction costs, non-standard fume hood sizes are minimized, “generic” lab casework is specified, laboratory-grade movable tables

substitute for fixed casework in some lab bays, building DI systems provide intermediate water quality (with localized water purity polishing in the lab, rather than building-wide),facility-wide piped services do not include gases that can be cost-effectively provided locally via canisters, and glass-wash facilities are consolidated -- typically, one glass wash facility for an entire laboratory building.

Finally, our design philosophy leans toward generic, modular laboratories supported by a robust building infrastructure, rather than highly customized spaces with limited capacity to make later changes. This is an important trade off. Although some post-occupancy expenses may be necessary to “fine-tune” a laboratory to a PI s requirements, building infrastructure elements – typically over sized twenty percent, including HVAC supply ducts, exhaust system capacity, emergency generator capacity, and electric risers and service capacity – seldom limit the ability to modify labs to meet researcher needs.

Structural and Foundation Systems

For both cost-benefit reasons and past seismic performance, UC Irvine favors concrete shear wall or steel braced-frame structural systems. The correlating foundation systems depend on site-specific soil conditions. Past problems with undiscovered substrates and uncharacterized soil conditions are minimized through extensive, pre-design soil-testing. This minimizes risk to both the University and the design/build contractor. When feasible, design/build contractors are allowed flexibility to propose alternate structural or seismic-force systems. All structural system designs must pass a peer review, according to Regents policy. This process results in conservative structural design, and an associated cost premium. However, the seismic performance of University of California buildings constructed since this policy went into effect in 1975 appears to substantiate the value of the Regents Seismic Review Policy.

Structural vibration is carefully specified in research buildings where vibration-sensitive protocols and conditions must be maintained on above-grade floors. The most cost effective tools to control vibration are generally employed: first, to program vibration sensitive procedures at on-grade locations or to isolate them at the bench; second, to space columns at a distance that does not entail excessive structural

costs. In laboratory 4buildings we typically utilize 22 ft. X 22 ft. column-spacing. Conversely, where vibration is not problematic a beam/column system can be cost-optimized and lighter floor loading can be tolerated. Design/build contractors are, accordingly, allowed more flexibility under such conditions.

To control costs, UC Irvine avoids use of moment-resisting structures; unconventional seismic systems; non-standard structural dimensions; inconsistent, unconventional, or non-stacking structural modules; and non-standard means and methods.

Roofs and Flashings

UC Irvine specifies 20 year roofing systems and stainless steel or copper flashings whenever possible. At minimum, we specify hot-dip galvanized flashings.

Why this emphasis on flashings? Our roof replacement projects typically double in cost when the old roofing is torn off and it is determined that the flashings have deteriorated. Moreover, many roof leaks of recent years have been due to faulty flashings, rather than roofing membranes or coatings, per se. Saving money on flashings is false economy. Another special roofing expense we may have to incur in order to attain the Regents Green Building Policy is that of reflective roofing. It is too early to understand the potential cost impact.

中文翻译：

建设标准和成本

加州大学欧文分校新建筑追求性能目标和适用的质量标准,影响资本成本的项目。定期复查这些目标和标准是有保证的。

施工成本在理论上是没有“高”或“低”之分的,而是关系到特定的质量标准和设计解决方案、手段和方法用于达到这些标准。因此,评估建筑成本是否适当:

首先,确定质量标准是否过高,不够,或适当的;

第二,确定项目成本是否合理合成相比,项目基本相同的质量参数。

“质量”包含的耐久性建筑系统和完成;鲁棒性和生命周期的性能;美学构建系统的材料、结构、和他们的详细描述;资源可持续性和效率的建筑作为一个整体系统。

总体目标和质量标准

加州大学欧文分校,为了支持杰出研究和学术项目,构建高质量的设施。这样,加州大学欧文分校的设施旨在传达的“外观和感觉”,以及体现内在施工质量,最好的设施的其他加州大学,知名公立大学和其他研究机构与我们争夺教师、学生、科研,和一般的声誉。

自1992年以来,新建筑被设计为达到这些五大目标:

新建筑必须“创建一个地方”,而不是构成独立的结构,形成社会、审美、文本关联关系与周边建筑和更大的校园。

新建筑加固一个一致的设计框架的古典语境架构、应用的方式,传达一种感觉恒久和质量和解释的方式,满足当代和变化的需求,现代研究型大学。

3、新建筑使用的材料、系统和设计特点,将避免重大维修的费用(定义为> 1%的值)二十年了。

4、新建筑适用“可持续性”原则——特别是,表现优于标题24(加州的能源代码)至少20%。

5、基本建设项目的设计和交付在批准的项目预算、范围和进度。

加州大学欧文分校的目标可持续原材料和能源性能采用部分是因为环境原因,部分逆转实质性操作预算赤字。

后者的问题包括一个数百万美元的公用事业,是迅速增长的赤字在90年代早期,和数百万美元的资金没有着落的主要维修这是新兴建筑只有10 - 20年过早地老。没有质量和性能标准采用1992年,公用事业赤字和未备基金的主要维护成本将超过2000万美元在过去的十年里,这些成本仍然会上涨失控。

加州大学欧文分校的材料标准,构建系统的标准,可持续性和能源效率标准,和网站的改进所有添加成本增量,只能通过积极的成本管理提供。机构,不能管理资本成本往往构建项目,消耗过多的能量,成本很大,遭受过早主要维护维护成本,这需要高成本来 …… 此处隐藏：4466字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……