人教新目标英语八年级上册 Unit 5 语法解析：非谓语动词不定式讲

语法解析：非谓语动词不定式讲解

定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。E.g. He wants his students to read the book aloud.

一、不定式的意义

1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).

eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.

2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。

e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.

3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).

e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.

He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.

4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.

eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.

二、不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。

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1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数To do such things is foolish.

2）主系表结构To see is to believe.

3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。

常用于下列结构中：

(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…（如good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…）

(2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary…）

(3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty / an honor …）

(4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…

(5)It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…

翻译：在一个月内完成这栋楼是很难的。

____________________________________________________

2. 不定式做表语：主语多用aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose等抽象名词或以what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。EX: 1）What I would suggest is _______________ at once. 我的建议是马上开始工作。

2）________________________________________________ 最主要的任务是保持我们房间的整洁。

3. 动词不定式作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语

口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）：想要学习早打算（want learn plan）

快准备有希望（prepare hope wish expect）同意否供选择（agree offer choose）

决定了已答应（decide be determined promise）尽力去着手做（manage undertake）

别拒绝别假装（refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）

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e.g.汤姆拒绝借他的笔给我。___________________________________________ *注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean…

2某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语e.g. Technology makes _____ _________ ______ ________ our dream.科技使我们

的梦想实现成为可能。

4．动词不定式做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。

I. 不定式作定语需要后置。

II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语（逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）或修饰性关系（同位关系）。

1)动宾关系: EX:1)I have a lot of work_______（要做）2)Give me a piece of paper___________(写)

2)主谓关系: EX: Women and children were the first___________________________（登上救生艇）

3)修饰性关系: 不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的词多为抽象名词。need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement.

eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book.

注意．为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way 或place, 介词可省略。e.g. It is a comfortable sofa

____________ (sit).

He has no way ___________ (go). This is the best place

_____________ (work)

5. 宾语补足语: eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street. [注1] 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。eg :I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?

但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.

Someone was heard to come up the stairs.

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[注2] help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。

They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.

6. 不定式做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(主语一致)

I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.

7. 同位语: e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?

8. 独立成分: e.g. To tell you the truth, I don’t like you.

类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等

三、不定式的否定式：通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。

e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.

四、动词不定式的“省略”

1、不定式省to

1）在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than（宁愿……而不）,

cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。翻译：1. _________________________________________ 你最好告诉她真相。

2. What could he do but forgive her? _____________________________

2）动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号t …… 此处隐藏：7631字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……