Chapter+2-Speech+Sounds+and+Their+System+

语言学

Chapter 2Speech Sounds and Their System

语言学

Phonetics

语音学

语言学

2.2.2 IPASpell the word [ ] according to the pronunciation. ghoti George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) spelt the word fish as ghoti [f] –enough; [i] –women ; [ ]—nation. non-correspondences between sound and written symbol.

语言学

2.2.2 IPAb) Representing speech on paper phonetic transcription: sets of symbols that can be used for transcribing sounds in language. —IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) The present system of the IPA derives mainly from one developed in 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London. Some of its special letters have even been accepted as part of the new orthographies devised for previously unwritten languages.

语言学

2.2.2 IPAIPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription The main principles of IPA i) there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound ii) the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears iii) The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics(变音符号)only when absolutely necessary.

语言学

2.3 Phonology

音系学

语言学

2.3.1 phonology and phoneticsi) Definition The study of the phonic medium of language to provide the set of features or properties of speech sounds. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns; how these sounds are used to convey meaning;

phonetics

phonology

语言学

2.3.1 phonology and phonetics broad transcription

leap [li:p] clear [l]

narrow transcription

peel [pi: ] dark [ ]

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2.3.1 phonology and phoneticsii) Differences phonetics

two sounds the differences in pronunciation between these two sounds the two versions of the same one basic entity the two sounds are fundamentally the same— in conveying meaning to find the pattern of distribution

phonology

leap [li:p] ---- clear [l] before a vowel peel [pi: ]----dark [ ] after a vowel at the end of a word

语言学

2.3.4 some rules in phonology Alveolar nasal /n/—within a word, the nasal /n/ assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. The sound assimilation is actually reflected in the spelling in most case inpossible—impossible /n/ a bilabial nasal /p/ is a bilabial stop