2022年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库

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目录

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（一） (2)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（二） (11)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（三） (18)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（四） (24)

2018年兰州交通大学英语语言学之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（五） (30)

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Idiolect

【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect , every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”

2． Lexical relations

【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy , hyponymy , polysemy , homonymy , and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “se ll ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation ; for example , “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound , or spelling , or both , such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b ?u ）.

3． Hyponymy

【答案】

Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general , more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante , and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.

4． Displacement

【答案】

Language can be used to refer to what is present , what is absent , what happens at present , what happened in the past , what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example , we can talk about Sapir , who is already dead ; we can even talk about next week , which is in the future.

5． Stem

【答案】

A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example , “friend -” in friends ,and “friendship -” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root , whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.

6． Textual function

【答案】 Textual function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of

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7． Conversational implicature

【答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning , which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context , under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example , the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.

8． Achievement test

【答案】 Achievement test is a test which measures how much of a language someone has learned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.

二、Essay-question

9． Discuss sense , denotation and reference , using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.是古月壮麟《语言学教程》中的概念）

【答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic expression. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form ; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. For example , the word “狗” in Chinese is given the definition of “哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐， 善于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬” .This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world , but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word dog.

Reference means what a linguistic expression refers to in the real , physical world ; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “这只

狗真可爱”，

we must be talking about a certain dog existing in the situation ; the word “狗” here refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “ 狗” in this particular situation.

Denotation refers to the relationship between an expression and its extension. The term extension of an expression is the set of things which could be possibly be the referent of that expression. So the extension of the word “狗” is “所有种类的狗” .Thus , the relationship between the word “狗” and “所有种类的狗” is denotation , that is ，the word “狗” denotes “ 所有种类的狗”.

Furthermore , the differences between the three terms are discussed as follows.

Sense and reference are two different but related aspects of meaning. Two expressions may refer to th …… 此处隐藏：12517字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……