B1 Unit 4 Text 1 英汉对照

英语泛读教程1--Unit Four--Text 1英汉对照

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Text One

Migratory Birds and Coffee

Introduction--Shade-grow coffee plantations play a key role in the conservation of migratory birds that have found a sanctuary in he forest-like environment. Read the following fact sheet and learn more about it.

1． In both North and Latin America, migratory birds have found a sanctuary in the forest-like environment of traditional coffee plantations. In eastern Chiapas, Mexico, biologists found that traditionally-managed coffee and cacao (chocolate) plantations support over 150 species of birds; a greater number is found in other agricultural habitats, and exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forest. Even in very disturbed areas, coffee plantations support good populations of migrants and other species that prefer or are restricted to forest

habitats,

such

as

redstarts,

and

black-throated green warblers , and residents

2． However, because of recent changes in coffee production and marketing, shade coffee plantations are a threatened habitat. In the past twenty years, coffee has begun to be grown with no shade canopy at all. While this manner of cultivation

including

parrots

woodcreepers.

课文一

Migratory Birds and Coffee

导语：侯鸟在类似森林环境的荫栽咖啡种植园找到了栖息地，这些种植园在保护候鸟方面起了重要作用。阅读下面的介绍，以了解更多这方面的信息。

1. 在北美洲和拉丁美洲，候鸟在传统咖啡种植园类似森林的环境中找到栖息地。生物学家发现，在东恰帕斯和墨西哥，传统方式经营的咖啡和可可(巧克力)种植园支持的鸟类超过150种。在其他农业栖息地，发现的鸟类数目更大，末受侵扰的热带森林才会超过这个数目。即使在受到较大侵扰的地区，咖啡种植园也支持为数可观的候鸟和其他鸟类。这些候鸟和其他鸟类，如红尾鸟和黑喉绿莺，以及包括鹦鹉和砍林鸟在内的居民，选择了森林栖息地，或者仅限于森林栖息地。

2. 然而，由于近来咖啡生产和营销方面的变化，荫栽咖啡种植园成了受到威胁的栖息地。过去的20年里，开始不用任何荫遮来种植咖啡。这样的种植方式提高了产量，同时，如果没有精心管理(增加化肥和一定范围的除虫剂、除草剂和杀菌剂)，就不能持续多年高

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英语泛读教程1--Unit Four--Text 1英汉对照

产。

3. 除了农林方面的风险，日照咖啡生产导致过去20年候鸟主要栖息地的变化。在种植咖啡的永久性作物区，现代的，减少荫栽咖啡的系统，其总量在墨西哥为17％，在哥斯达黎力口为40％，在哥伦比亚为69％。已经进行的为数不多的研究发现，当咖啡由遮荫变为日照，候鸟种类就急剧下降。有一个研究发现，常见候鸟种类从10减少到4。在哥伦比亚和墨西哥的研究表明，区域鸟类总数在日照咖啡种植区比荫栽咖啡种植区要少94-97％。这样的数据并不令人吃惊，因为人们发现，树阴覆盖的种植园可以看到的鸟类超过三分之二，而在日照咖啡树丛里，鸟的种类不到十分之一。

4. 人们发现，在热带所有农业系统中，荫栽咖啡种植园有一些数量较多的个体和候鸟种类。尚 罗宾斯和亚历杭德罗 埃斯特拉达率领一组鸟类调查人员活动在墨西哥和加勒比盆地附近。他们发现，可可和咖啡种植园支持农业栖息地的森林依赖性候鸟数量最大

produces increased yields, these cannot be sustained for many years without intensive management

(additions

of

chemical

fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides).

3．Aside from the agronomic risks, sun coffee production has resulted in major habitat change for migratory birds in the past two decades. Of the permanent cropland planted in coffee, the amount under

modern,

reduced-shade

coffee

systems ranges from 17% in Mexico to 40% in Costa Rica and 69% in Colombia. The few studies that have been conducted have found that the persity of migratory birds drops sharply when coffee is converted from shade to sun. One study found a decrease from 10 to 4 common species of migratory birds. As for the overall avifauna, studies in Colombia and Mexico found 94-97% fewer bird species in sun grown coffee than in shade grown coffee. This comes as no surprise since over two-thirds of the birds are found in the canopy of shade plantations and less than 10% are found in coffee plants.

4．Of all agricultural systems in the tropics, shade coffee plantations have been found to have some of the highest numbers of inpiduals and species of migratory birds: Chan Robbins and Alejandro Estrada, leading a team of bird surveyors around Mexico and the Caribbean Basin, found that

英语泛读教程1--Unit Four--Text 1英汉对照

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cacao and coffee plantations supported the largest

5．In Where Have All the Birds Gone?, tropical ecologist John Terborgh writes “Some

agricultural

practices

are

compatible with the maintenance of high populations of migrants. He concluded that "coffee and cacao make good migrant habitat" although some forest specialist species, particularly residents, may be missing.

6． Grown in the time-honored manner, coffee bushes are cultivated under a forest overstory. Coffee is also commonly grown

using

indigenous

agroforestry

techniques, originally developed for growing cacao. This involves planting a mixture of nitrogen-fixing trees with other useful species to provide shade. Up to 40 species of trees can be found in some traditionally managed plantations, and many of these are managed for household or commercial commodities such as wood or fruit.

7． Shade

trees

protect

the

understory coffee plants from rain and sun, help maintain soil quality, reduce the need for weeding, and aid in pest control. Organic matter from the shade trees also provides a natural mulch, which reduces the need for chemical

fertilizers,

reduces

erosion,

numbers

of

forest-dependent

migratory birds of any agricultural habitats.

5. 热带生态学家约翰 特博在《鸟儿飞到哪里去了?》中写道，

”有些农业实践同保持众多数量的迁徙者是并行不悖的。”他得出结论，尽管有些森林的特有物种，特别是居民， …… 此处隐藏：9998字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……