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When Do the Stigmatized Stigmatize?The Ironic Effects of Being Accountable to (Perceived)Majority Group Prejudice-Expression Norms

Jenessa R.Shapiro and Steven L.Neuberg

Arizona State University

How do frequently stigmatized inpiduals feel about and respond to members of other potentially stigmatizable groups?Four studies demonstrated that perceptions of majority group norms regarding prejudice expression can shape how minority inpiduals respond to minority inpiduals from other groups.Study 1revealed that Black and White men and women have somewhat different perceptions of Whites’norms regarding prejudice expression.Study 2manipulated whether evaluations of Native American job candidates were to remain private or to be made public to unfamiliar Whites upon whom the evaluators were dependent:Black men used a strategy of publicly (but not privately)denigrating the minority target to conform to presumed prejudice-expression norms.Study 3,in which the authors explicitly manipulated prejudice-expression norms,and Study 4,in which they manipulated audience race,further supported the role of such norms in eliciting public discrimination against minority group members by other minority group members.The desire to avoid being targeted for discrimination,in conjunction with the perception that the majority endorses discrimination,appears to increase the likelihood that the often-stigmatized will stigmatize others.

Keywords:intergroup interaction,racial and ethnic relations,prejudice and discrimination,social norms,conformity

Victims of prejudice may,of course,inflict on others what they themselves receive.Deprived of power and status one craves to feel power and status.Pecked at by those higher in the pecking order,one may,like a fowl in the barnyard,peck at those seen as weaker and lower than oneself,or as threatening.(Allport,1954,p.153)The mechanism of defense just described is entirely absent in the case of many victims of prejudice.Just the reverse http://doc.guandang.netpassion is the natural response of their group toward the plight of all sufferers from oppression.Their own trials and suffering ...make for under-standing and sympathy.(Allport,1954,pp.154–155)

Are stigmatized inpiduals especially likely to stigmatize oth-ers,or are they,because of their own victimization,especially likely to refrain when such opportunities present themselves?In his influential text on prejudice,Gordon Allport (1954)considered both alternatives yet failed to provide a theoretical reconciliation.Even though numerous researchers have called for the exploration of the traditional target’s role as a perceiver in intergroup relations (Shelton,2000;Shelton &Richeson,2006),the past five decades of prejudice research have neglected to address Allport’s dueling predictions (for a similar observation,see Major &Vick,2005).

Very little research has explored how minority group members think and feel about members of other minority groups.A few studies provide indirect evidence supporting both outcomes pro-posed by Allport but do little to elucidate when and why one outcome may result instead of—or more powerfully than—the other (e.g.,Abwender &Hough,2001;S.Levin,van Laar,&Sidanius,2003;Mack et al.,1997;White &Langer,1999).The only direct exploration of the circumstances under which often-stigmatized inpiduals may be especially likely (or unlikely)to stigmatize others,of which we are aware,is provided by Galanis and Jones (1986).In their study,Black participants were more likely than White participants to recommend committing to a mental institution an inpidual described as depressed and emo-tionally distressed,except when Black victimization in other con-texts was made salient and when the target was clearly labeled as deviant.

The aim of the present research is to begin to address Allport’s contradictory predictions by exploring one variable that should influence how often-stigmatized inpiduals judge members of other often-stigmatized groups:perceptions of majority group norms regarding the expression of prejudice.Our theoretical anal-ysis has implications for understanding how Blacks and Whites may differentially evaluate members of (non-Black)minority groups,for how these evaluations will differ for Blacks and Whites as a function of whether they are made publicly or privately,and for how these patterns of evaluation may differ for men and women.The analysis also generates a particularly intriguing hy-pothesis—that Black men,more than White men (and more than Black and White women),will express especially strong prejudices against other minority group men,but only when they believe their evaluations will be publicly available to a White audience of their gender.

This research was partially supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant F31-MH075497and a Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Clara Mayo grant awarded to Jenessa R.Shapiro.We thank Noah Goldstein,Doug Kenrick,Delia Saenz,Chad Mortensen,Cathy Cottrell,and Nick Schweitzer for their helpful comments on this research.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jenessa R.Shapiro,who is now at Department of Psychology,Franz Hall,University of California,Los Angeles,Los Angeles,CA 90095-1563or Steven L.Neuberg,Department of Psychology,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-1104.E-mail:jenessa.shapiro@http://doc.guandang.net or steven.neuberg@asu.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2008by the American Psychological Association

2008,Vol.95,No.4,877–8980022-3514/08/$12.00DOI:10.1037/a0011617

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Conforming to Social Norms

To gain the approval of others,inpiduals often strategically conform to salient norms and cater their opinions to the audience whose approval they seek(Cialdini&Goldstein,2004;Cialdini& Trost,1998;Jones&Wortman,1973;Klimoski&Inks,1990; Pennington& …… 此处隐藏：75541字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……