Chapter 4 The Deep Structure of Culture

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Chapter 4 The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality

MS ZHANG&WANG

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ContentsⅠ. World view1. Religion as a world view1) Religious similarities 2) Five Religious Orientations

2. A comparison of world views1) A mechanistic view 2) A dualistic view

Ⅱ. Family1.Importance ,Functions, and Types 2. Culture and Family

Ⅲ. History1.UnitedStates; 2.AfricanAmericans; 3.Jews; 4.Russians; 5.Chinese; 6.Japanese

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The relationship between culture and realityHuntington: “The great divisions among humankind and the dominating sources of conflict will be cultural.” Huntington: “The people of different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husband and wife, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy.” Delgado: “Culture produces and is reproduced by institutions of society, and we can turn to such sites to help recreate and represent the elements of culture.”

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The roots of reality influnced by three parts: Culture

Roots of Reality

World View

Family

History

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Why our world view, family, and cultural history hold such a prominent sway over our action?First, the three institutions of church, family, and community carry the message that matter most to people. Second, these institutions are important because they endure. Third, the content generated by these institutions is deeply and emotionally felt. Finally, the deep structure of a culture is important because the institutions of family, church, and community give each individual his or her unique identity.

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Ⅰ. World viewHoebel and Frost defined the world view as: “the human being’s inside view of the way things are colored, shaped, and arranged according to personal cultural preconceptions.” A culture’s world view can be thought of as its core. Hoebel: “In selecting its customs for day-to-day living, even the little things, the society chooses those ways that accord with its thinking and predilections---ways that fit its basic postulates as to the nature of things and what is desirable and what is not.”

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Ⅰ. World viewOlayiwola conclude that a culture’s world view even influences the social, economic, and political life of a nation. World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, death, sickness and other philosophical issues that influnence how its members perceive their world.

Pennington: “If one understands a culture’s world view and cosmology, reasonable accuracy can be attained in predicting behaviors and motivations in other dimensions.”

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Ⅰ. World viewImportance of world view:1. Knowledge of world view can even help us understand a culture’s perception of nature. 2. Another link between world views and behaviors can be seen in how a culture perceives the business

arena. 3. World view, perception, and communication are bound together.

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Ⅰ. World view1. Religion as a world viewReligion is the predominant element of culture gives us our world view. Lamb: “It is clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined.” Nanda: “deals with the nature of life and death, the creation of the universe, the origin of society and groups within the society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of humankind to nature.” Haviland: “we know of no group of people anywhere on the face of the earth who, at any time over the past 10,000 years, have been without religion.”

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Ⅰ. World view1. Religion as a world viewThree items of religion First, the study of religion not only offers insight into the spiritual and psychological needs of people, but it also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. Second, religion then, be it theology or the everyday practices of a culture, gives us insight into the members of that culture. Third, there are two criteria for us to judge which religion we should include and which we should exclude in our treatment of world view---numbers and relevance.

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Ⅰ. World view1. Religion as a world view1) Religious similarities① Sacred writings “At the center of all the world’s main religious lies a body of sacred writings, revered by believers.” e.g. Bible/ Koran/Vedas ② Authority In nearly all cases, regilious orientation have an authority figure who provides guidance and counsel. e.g. God/Allah/Buddha ③ Traditional rituals Every religion has a long list of rituals that are not instinctive and therefore need to be passed on from generation to generation.e.g. receive baptism in Christianity/ Japanese tea ceremony

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Ⅰ. World view1. Religion as a world view1) Religious similarities④ Speculation Every religion knows that all human beings seek answers to the great mysteries of life. That is, each tradition addresses questions about life, death, suffering, the origins of the universe, and countless other events. ⑤ Ethics “Religion always includes an ethic.” It is intriguing that ethical standards are nearly the same for all cultures.

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receive baptism

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Japanese tea ceremony

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Ⅰ. World view1. Religion as a world view2) Five Religious OrientationsWe need to know: First, religion is but one kind of world view, and even the person who says “There is no God” has answers to the large questions about life, death, suffering, and social relationships. Second, as Hendry says “Religion pervades many spheres which w …… 此处隐藏：5440字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……