2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解（第3套） - 图文(5)

D. \can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,\says John Kao, an innovation consultant to corporations and governments. Many other nations, Mr. John Kao notes, axe now ahead of the United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation. These include government financing for scientific research, national policies to support emerging industries, educational achievement, engineers and scientists graduated, even the speeds of Internet broadband service.

E. Yet what other nations typically lack, Mr. Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity, experimentation, risk-taking, and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls \打碎重组),\iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category. \doesn't support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies, as America does,\Mr. John Kao says.

F. Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to tturiving in the modern economy. Formal education matters, career counselors say, but real- life experience is often even more valuable.

G. An adopted child, growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr. Jobs displayed those traits early on. He wasfascinated by electronics as a child, building Heathkit do-it-yourself projects, like radios. Mr. Jobs dropped out of Reed College after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenment, before returning to Silicon Valley to found Apple with his friend, Stephen Wozniak, an engineering wizard (奇才). Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chiefexecutive in 1997.

H. His path was unique, but innovation experts say the pattern of exploration is not unusual. \of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrough ideas and insights,\Hal Gregersen, a professor at the European Institute of Business Administration. I. Mr. Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5,000 entrepreneurs (创业者. and executives worldwide. His two collaborators and co- authors are Jeff Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book The Innovator's Dilemma popularized the concept of \( 颠覆性的. innovation. \

J. The academics identify five traits that are common to the disruptive innovators: questioning, experimenting, observing, associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics echoes the ceaseless curiosity and willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr. Hal Gregersen explains, is less about career-building relationships than a consistent search for new ideas. Associating, he adds, is the ability to make idea-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.

K. \\a habit for them. \Innovative companies, according to the authors, typically

enjoy higher valuations in thestock market, which they call an \premium (溢价). \It is calculated by estimating the share of a company's value that cannot be accounted for by its current products and cash flow. The innovation premium tries to quantify ( 量化. investors' bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation. L. Apple, by their calculations, had a 37 percent innovation premium during Mr. Jobs' first term withthe company. His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return, Applee's fortunes inmroved gradv at first, and imp)roved markedly starting in 2005, yielding a 52percent innovation premium since then. M. There is no conclusive proof, but Mr. Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr. Jobs could havereshaped industries beyond computing, as he has done in his second term at Apple, without theexperience outside the company, especially at Pixar--the computer-animation (动画制作. studiothat created a string of critically and commercially successful movies, such as \

N. Mr. Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class atStanford University in 2005. \from Apple was the best thing thatcould have ever happened to me,\students. Mr. Jobs also spoke of perseverance ( 坚持. and will power. \life hits you in the head with a brick,\

O. Mr. Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation, both in one's choice of work andin one's life.Be curious, experiment, take risks, he said to the students.His advice wasemphasized by the words on the back of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog, which hequoted: \Jobs said, \anew, I wish that for you. \46. Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address. 47. Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple. 48. Steve Jobs once used computers to make movies that were commercial hits. 49. Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the raw materials for innovation.

50. Great innovators are good at connecting concepts from various academic fields. 51. Innovation is vital to driving economic progress.

52. America has a social environment that is particularly favorable to innovation. 53. Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.

54. Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for career success.

55. Apple's fortunes suffered from an innovation discount during Jobs' absence. Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

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