名词解释公共经济学

1.Public goods ( pure public goods)

▲In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.

（公共产品(Public good)是私人产品的对称，是指具有消费或使用上的非竞争性和受益上的非排他性的产品。）

2.Pareto efficiency

▲Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a state of allocation of resources in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off. （帕累托效率，是指资源分配的一种理想状态，假定固有的一群人和可分配的资源，从一种分配状态到另一种状态的变化中，在没有使任何人境况变坏的前提下，使得至少一个人变得更好。帕累托最优状态就是不可能再有更多的帕累托改进的余地）

3.Production efficiency

▲The ability to produce a good using the fewest resources possible. Efficient production is achieved when a product is created at its lowest average total cost. （生产效率是指固定投入量下，制程的实际产出与最大产出两者间的比率。可反映出达成最大产出、预定目标或是最佳营运服务的程度 ）

4.Utility possibility curve（效用可能性曲线） ▲

5.Natural monopoly（自然垄断）

▲A natural monopoly is a monopoly in an industry in which it is most efficient (involving the lowest long-run average cost) for production to be concentrated in a single firm.

（自然垄断是垄断的行业中,它是最有效的(包括最低的长期平均成本)生产集中在一个单一的公司。 ）

6.Externalities（外在性）

▲In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit

（在经济学中,外部性是影响的成本或收益方没有选择承担成本或效益。 ）

7.Coase theorem

▲In law and economics, the Coase theorem describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities. The theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are sufficiently low transaction costs, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property

（在法律和经济学,科斯定理描述了经济效率的经济分配或结果外部性的存在。定理指出,如果交易在一个外部性是可能的,并且有足够的低交易成本,谈判将会导致一个有效率的结果无论初始分配财产 ）

8.Social welfare function（社会福利函数）

▲In welfare economics, a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states (alternative complete descriptions of the society) as less desirable, more desirable, or indifferent for every possible pair of social states

（社会福利函数是福利经济学研究的一个重要内容，它试图指出社会所追求的目标应该是什么，应该考虑哪些因素：是某些人的利益或效用，还是所有人的利益或效用？当人们之间的利益或效用相冲突时，应该如何处理这些不同的利益或效用？） 9.

Lindahl equilibrium（林达尔平衡）

10.Voting paradox（投票悖论）

▲The voting paradox is a situation noted by the Marquis de Condorcet in the late 18th century, in which collective preferences can be cyclic, even if the preferences of individual voters are not. This is paradoxical, because it means that majority wishes can be in conflict with each other. When this occurs, it is because the conflicting majorities are each made up of different groups of individuals.

（投票悖论指的是在通过“多数原则”实现个人选择到集体选择的转换过程中所遇到的障碍或非传递性，这是阿罗的不可能定理衍生出的难题。公共选择理论对投票行为的研究假设投票是那些其福利受到投票结果影响的人们进行的，投票行为的作用是将个人偏好转化为社会偏好。在多数投票原则下，可能没有稳定一致的结果。）