新东方托福阅读 杜昶旭老师课堂讲义及笔记总结(5)

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terrestrial planets: they are composed (A) nuclear reactions predominantly of such substances as (B) giant planets hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. (C) terrestrial (D) substances If the physical barriers of the plant are The word which in the breached, then preformed chemicals may passage refers to inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues (A) tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or (B) substances potentially toxic substances, such as resins, (C) barriers tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of (D) alkaloids which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. Aciculturists, people who raise birs for The word They in the commercial sale, have not yet learned how passage refers to to simulate the natural incubation of parrot (A) birds eggs in the wild. They continue to look for (B) avicuturists better ways to increase egg production and (C) eggs to improve chick survival rates. (D) rates What is particularly meaningful to The word it in the passage anthropology is the realization that refers to although the material available to a society (A) realization may to some extend limit or influence what (B) society 628041.doc - 22 -

it can do artistically, the materials by no (C) extent means determine what is done. (D) influence Some of their baskets were completely The word others in the covered with shell pendants; others with passage refers to featers that made the baskets? surfaces as (A) masters soft as the breasts of birds. (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces Encouraged by the example of certain The word them in the Americans of European descent such as passage refers to Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George (A) Americans of European Luks, who had included persons of African descent descent in their paintings as serious studies (B) paintings rather than as trivial or sendimental (C) stereotypes, African American artists of this artists period set about creating a new portrayal of (D) attitudes themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cutural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extend, others segments of American society began to change their attitudes African American 628041.doc - 23 -

toward them.

3. 事实信息题( Factual Information Question) (1) 事实题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第20页 (2) 事实题的正确选项特征: 原文重现和同义改写 (3) 细节类题目的干扰方式 1) 信息滞留点 ? 信息滞留点的概念 ? 信息滞留点的表现形式

a. A在原文的出现, B在原文中不出现.,A + B在选项中出现. b. A\\B均在原文中出现, A + B在选项中出现. c. A+ B在原文中出现. A或B在选项中出现. 2) 干扰选项特征

? 虚假比较: 如果选项中出现了比较级\\最高级\\绝对化描述或范围的扩张, 则该选项优先不为正确选项,在除非在原文存在比较的一一对应.

? 答非所问: 确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系. （４）事实信息题的解题步骤

１）根据题目中的关键词进行定位（笔记→原文）

关键词：能够缩小搜索范围的词（段落号＼时间和数字＼人名＼

地名＼专有名词＼题目的核心概念）

Scanning: 在原文中寻找某特定概念

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寻找关键词及其同反义词和上下义词 寻找关键词及其相关概念的第一次出现位置 ２）根据所读内容形成答案判断

３）验证选项，选择与答案判断一致的选项 ４）若无匹配选项则检查读题＼定位＼理解正确性． 注意:

? 验证选项中的概念和最大的概念组合是否在文章中出现. ? 确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系 ? 确保所选答案和原文构成因果关系

4. 否定事实信息题(Negative Information Question) (1) 否定事实题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第21页 (2) 局部否定事实题目的特点及解答 ? 特点

a. 对应原文某一处描述, 通常是举例

b. 对应原文两处或两处以上描述, 并且通常是分散举例或排比(未被选择的选项应和原文构成一一对应. ? 解答原则

a. 优先利用笔记进行判断排除 b. 充分利用已做题目进行判断排除 c. 根据选项中的关键词进行定位排除 d. 直选和排除结合

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e. 尽量最后再做

(3) 全局否定事实题目的特点及解答

5. 推断题(Inference Question)

(1) 推断题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第23页 (2) 推断题的特点和解答 ? 正确答案不在原文中直接出现 ? 推理的逻辑” ? 因果:

? 对比: 时间对比; 直接对比; 比例对比(在总量构成不变的情况下此消彼涨)

? 推理错误: 附加条件(收敛线性推理) 6. 修辞目的题( Rhetorical Purpose Question) (1) 修辞目的题见解和提问方式: 参见OG第24页 (2) 修辞目的题的分类和解答 ? 段落关系

a. 顺承: 无明显的标志词

b. 转折: 有表示对比转折关系的关联词