Cosmic emergy based ecological systems modelling

Cosmic emergy based ecological systems modelling

H.Chen a ,G.Q.Chen a,*,X.Ji b,*

a State Key Laboratory of Turbulence and Complex Systems,Department of Mechanics and Aerospace,College of Engineering,

Peking University,Beijing 100871,China

b Center for Human and Economi

c Development Studies,School of Economics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22August 2009Received in revised form 19September 2009Accepted 22September 2009Available online 25September 2009Keywords:Cosmic exergy Emergy Regional economy Urban study Systems ecology

a b s t r a c t

Ecological systems modelling based on the uni?ed biophysical measure of cosmic emergy

in terms of embodied cosmic exergy is illustrated in this paper with ecological accounting,

simulation and scenario analysis,by a case study for the regional socio-economic ecosys-

tem associated with the municipality of Beijing.An urbanized regional ecosystem model

with eight subsystems of natural support,agriculture,urban production,population,

?nance,land area,potential environmental impact,and culture is representatively pre-

sented in exergy circuit language with 12state variables governing by corresponding eco-

dynamic equations,and 60?ows and auxiliary variables.To characterize the regional

socio-economy as an ecosystem,a series of ecological indicators based on cosmic emergy

are devised.For a systematic ecological account,cosmic exergy transformities are provided

for various dimensions including climate ?ows,natural resources,industrial products,cul-

tural products,population with educational hierarchy,and environmental emissions.For

the urban ecosystem of Beijing in the period from 1990to 2005,ecological accounting is

carried out and characterized in full details.Taking 2000as the starting point,systems

modelling is realized to predict the urban evolution in a one hundred time horizon.For sys-

tems regulation,scenario analyses with essential policy-making implications are made to

illustrate the long term systems effects of the expected water diversion and rise in energy

price.

ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.Introduction

Based on the maximum empower principle,the feedback mechanism in cybernetics,and the universal energy hierarchy in systems ecology [1],Odum’s emergy synthesis [2]is a thermodynamic approach for evaluation of the real wealth of re-sources,products,and services by accounting the total natural work previously involved to generate them.

Heterotrophic and self-regulating as they are in the biosphere,urban ecosystems as super-organisms are apparently cre-ated for the bene?t of human beings and for sustaining their livelihood.Cities cannot be self-regulating without maintaining stable links with their environment,to obtain energy,food,and materials and to release their wastes.Once a city or region is explored in view of systems ecology,it is rigorous to incorporate emergy into its conceptualization and to thread together socio-economic and natural systems with the same thermodynamic measure.Emergy synthesis provides a holistic alterna-tive to many existing methods for urban study,as applicable to combined systems of humanity and nature [3].

Though emergy is conceptually de?ned in ecological energetics as embodied energy in general,solar emergy in terms of embodied solar energy has been prevailing in ecological accounting in particular,as solar energy has been conventionally believed to be the primary driving force for the ecosphere.Solar emergy synthesis has been applied to many cases at regional 1007-5704/$-see front matter ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/461fe1492b160b4e767fcf40sns.2009.09.025*Corresponding authors.Tel.:+861062767167;fax:+861062754280.

E-mail addresses:gqchen@461fe1492b160b4e767fcf40 (G.Q.Chen),jixi@461fe1492b160b4e767fcf40 (X.Ji).

Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)2672–2700

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

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H.Chen et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)2672–27002673 or urban scale,such as the West Virginia,Maine,the Jacksonville in Florida,Beijing,Hong Kong,Macao,Taipei and so on[4–65],with the studies on Taipei by Huang and his fellows[9,21–28]highly remarkable in terms of successive series over dec-ades.The most intensive regional or urban studies based on solar emergy appeared in mainland China,covering many prov-inces,municipalities,autonomous regions and cities,including Beijing,Shanghai,Chongqing,Tianjin,Jilin,Liaoning,Qinghai, Hunan,Ningxia,Inner Mongolia,Yunnan,Shandong,Fujian,Guangdong,Jiangxi,Sichuan,Gansu,Xinjiang,Tibet,Hainan, Jiangsu,Harbin,Hangzhou,Nanjing,Xining,Guiyang,Haikou,Wuhan,Urumchi,Taiyuan,Lanzhou,Changsha,Lhasa,Guangz-hou,Fuzhou,Chengdu,Xi’an,Kunming,Yinchuan,Changchun,Shijiazhuang,Shenyang,Zhengzhou,Nanchang,Hefei,Hohhot, Jinan,Nanning,Fushun,Tangshan,Baotou,Xiamen,Qingdao,Shenzhen,Ningbo,Shunde,Nanchong,Chengde,Kaifeng,Da-lian,and Xuzhou[19,20,29–65].

Notwithstanding the wide applications[2,66–69],solar emergy synthesis has many critic encounters(e.g.[70–72]),with the trouble of the double accounting at various ecological stages.As realized[2,73,74],what matters should be available en-ergy,i.e.exergy,and emergy needs to be explained and de?ned as embodied exergy instead of embodied energy,since there is no possibility for anything to embody some energy,as energy is always in conservative cycling and never consumed [75,76].As a modi?cation,emergy has been reformulated as a function of exergy,to associate physical and mathematical validity as the same as that for exergy’s[74].Also,arguments emerged about the relations between emergy e …… 此处隐藏：32295字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……