Chem. Soc. Rev.最新综述：有序介孔碳材料的直接合成

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The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012Chem.Soc.Rev.

Cite this:DOI:10.1039/c2cs35301f Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons w

Tian-Yi Ma,Lei Liu and Zhong-Yong Yuan*

Received 31st July 2012DOI:10.1039/c2cs35301f

Ordered mesoporous carbon materials have recently aroused great research interest because of their

widespread applications in many areas such as adsorbents,catalysts and supports,gas storage hosts,and electrode materials.The direct synthesis strategy from organic–organic self-assembly involving the

combination of polymerizable precursors and block copolymer templates is expected to be more ?exible in preparing mesoporous carbons,compared with the traditional nanocasting strategy of complicated and high-cost procedures using mesoporous silica materials as the hard template.In this review,we present the fundamentals and recent advances related to the ?eld of ordered mesoporous carbon materials from the direct synthesis strategy of block copolymer soft-templating,with a focus on their controllable

preparation,modi?cation and potential applications.Under the guidance of their formation mechanism,the preparation of ordered mesoporous carbons are discussed in detail by consulting di?erent

experimental conditions,including synthetic pathways,precursors,catalysts and templates.Both the mesopore size and morphology control are introduced.The potential applications of pure mesoporous carbons,nonmetallic-and metallic-modi?ed mesoporous carbons,and some interpenetrating carbon-based composites are demonstrated.Furthermore,remarks on the challenges and perspectives of research directions are proposed for further development of the ordered mesoporous carbons (232references).

1.Introduction

Porous materials are of great importance for fundamental research and practical applications ranging from catalysis,

adsorption,separation,sensing to biotechnology.1–3Notice-ably,ever since the exciting discovery of the novel family of M41S was reported by the researchers at Mobil Research and Development Corporation in 1992,4,5mesoporous materials have attracted more and more attention and shown great potentials in many ?elds,due to outstanding properties,including high surface areas,periodically arranged monodis-persed mesopore space,tunable pore sizes,alternative pore shapes,uniform nanosized frameworks,large particle sizes,and abundant compositions.6,7Besides typical silica-based

Institute of New Catalytic Materials Science,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education),College of Chemistry,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China.E-mail:zyyuan@556dfbc94028915f804dc266;Fax:+86-22-23502604;Tel:+86-22-23509610

w Part of the mesoporous materials themed

issue.

Tian-Yi Ma

Tian-Yi Ma received his BSc degree in Chemistry at Nankai University in 2008.He is cur-rently a PhD candidate in Phy-sical Chemistry under the supervision of Prof.Zhong-Yong Yuan.He won the Top-Ten Youth of Nankai Univer-sity and the YANG Shixian Scholarship in 2010,and the Academic Award for Doctoral Students by the Ministry of Education in 2011.His current research is focused on the rational synthesis and applica-tion exploration of mesoporous

materials with complex compositions from carbon,organic poly-mer to metal–organic

frameworks.

Lei Liu

Lei Liu received her BSc degree in Chemistry in 2006at Liao-cheng University,and obtained her MSc and PhD degrees in Physical Chemistry at Nankai University in 2009and 2012,respectively,under the supervi-sion of Prof.Zhong-Yong Yuan.Her work was focused on nano-porous carbon-based materials for applications in heterogeneous catalysis,gas storage and elec-trode materials.She is currently working in the Shandong University of Science and Tech-nology as a Lecturer.

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mesoporous materials,such as the M41S family,4,5SBA series 8,9and their related mesostructures,10–12ordered mesoporous materials with di?erent compositions from pure inorganic or pure organic frameworks to organic–inorganic hybrid frame-works have been widely reported in the past two decades.For example,mesoporous metal oxides and mixed oxides with semicrystalline frameworks,such as TiO 2,Ta 2O 5and ZrTiO 4,13,14mesoporous metal phosphates,borates and chalcogenides,15and other mesoporous non-oxide materials,such as SiC 16and BCN,17were successfully prepared by a direct synthesis strategy using amphiphilic copolymer templates.For organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous materials with more complex compositions,periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs)containing various bridged organic groups inside the hybrid network have been the most widely investigated.18,19Mesoporous metal phosphonates with organically bridged polyphosphonates were reported,consisting of di?erent functional groups inside the hybrid framework,with tunable mesoporosity from the hexagonal 20to cubic phase.21Periodic hexagonal mesoporous metal sulfonates were synthesized by the coupling of naphthalenedisulfonic acid or ethanedisulfonic acid with metal centers like Cd,La,Cu or Sr in the presence of surfactant templates and crown ether.22These two classes of non-silica-based hybrid mesoporous materials were proved to be useful in heavy metal ion and protein adsorption,CO 2capture,photocatalysis,acid catalysis and catalytic oxidation reactions.23

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