Thinking Fast and Slow经典读后感10篇(5)

　　同时，K对 prospect theory 的缺点也直言不讳：它无法解释失望（ disappointment ）和后悔（ regret ）。

　　具体而言，K举了以下的例子：

　　What would it be like to own them？

　　A. one chance in a million to win $1 million

　　. 90% chance to win $12 and 10% chance to win nothing

　　C. 90% chance to win $1 million and 10% chance to win nothing

　　在这个例子里，Winning nothing is the reference point and its value is zero.然而这并不符合，Winning nothing is a nonevent in the first two cases, and assigning it a value of zero makes good sense. In contrast, failing to win in the third scenario is intensely disappointing.

　　rospect theory and utility theory also fail to allow for regret. The two theories share the assumption that available options in a choice are evaluated separately and independently, and that the option with the highest value is selected. This assumption is certainly wrong,

　　roblem 6: Choose between 90% chance to win $1 million OR $50 with certainty.

　　roblem 7: Choose between 90% chance to win $1 million OR $150,000 with certainty.

　　Failing to win is a disappointment in both, but the potential pain is compounded in problem 7 by knowing that if you choose the gamble and lose you will regret the “greedy” decision you made by spurning a sure gift of $150,000. In regret, the experience of an outcome depends on an option you could have adopted but did not.

　　二、认知系统

　　K 在书中区分了人认知世界时的机制，用系统 1 和系统 2 来描述。（K也指出，这种划分并不是生物学意义上的。）系统 1 对应直觉，用它思考是一种本能，它善于平均却不善于加总，特点是快；而系统 2 与有意识的注意力分配、选择相联系，它处理复杂的运算，特点是慢。

　　系统 2 根植于系统 1 ，这也意味着，我们的信念、选择、自主行动，实际上是系统 1 中的印象、直觉、意图、冲动和感受，被系统 2 有意识的接受（并以一系列步骤建构最终成为观点）的那一部分的反映。这也意味着，我们的认知并不是完美无缺的，它为系统性错误（systematic errors）的存在提供了空间。

　　系统 1 与系统 2 的区别主要在于所要求的努力程度。系统 2 需要意识的参与，而这一过程常常是相对费力的。ego depletion 的存在意味着，在完成一项任务转向另一项任务时，动力的衰退将会出现。正如作者所言：Laziness is built deep into our nature. You think with your body, not only with your brain.You know far less about yourself than you feel you do.

　　从这一生物学基础出发，K 详尽的列出了许多实验，读这些实验实际上是相当有趣的体验。包括但不限于：

　　1、曝光效应（ exposure effect ）

　　在熟悉与事实之间做出区分是困难的，因此频繁重复是使人对谎言信以为真的有效手段。更进一步说，对一句话某部分的熟悉可能会使人认为整句话是真实的。【People who were repeatedly exposed to the phrase “the body temperature of a chicken” were more likely to accept as true the statement that “the body temperature of a chicken is 144°” (or any other arbitrary number).】正确的结论常常诱导人们相信论证是正确的。【All roses are flowers. Some flowers fade quickly. Therefore some roses fade quickly.】

　　一方面，If it is strongly linked by logic or association to other beliefs or preferences you hold, or comes from a source you trust and like, you will feel a sense of cognitive ease. 然而，问题在于 there may be other causes for your feeling of ease—including the quality of the font and the appealing rhythm of the prose—and you have no simple way of tracing your feelings to their source.

　　认知放松，实际上是生物躲避危险的过程中产生的。同时，它也是心理和社会稳定的来源，由此构成了社会组织及凝聚力的基础。因此，它与一些好的感受相联系，如直觉、创造力、轻信、信赖。而这实际上会弱化系统 2 的警惕、怀疑、分析能力。

　　2、因果幻觉（illusion of causality）

　　在系统 1 的世界里，我们希望世界是一致的、常态的，一个事件必须有后果，而某一结果也必定有原因。然而，我们关于世界的信息是不完全的，而系统 1 的工作，就是把信息的碎片串接为一个因果的、一致的故事（story）。我们总是在寻求意义。

　　【Viewers see an aggressive large triangle bullying a smaller triangle, a terrified circle, the circle and the small triangle joining forces to defeat the bully; they also observe much interaction around a door and then an explosive finale. The perception of intention and emotion is irresistible; only people afflicted by autism do not experience it.Your mind is ready and even eager to identify agents, assign them personality traits and specific intentions, and view their actions as expressing individual propensities.】

　　【In The Black Swan, Taleb introduced the notion of a narrative fallacy to describe how flawed stories of the past shape our views of the world and our expectations for the future. Narrative fallacies arise inevitably from our continuous attempt to make sense of the world.

　　Taleb suggests that we humans constantly fool ourselves by constructing flimsy accounts of the past and believing they are true.

　　you feel that you have learned a valuable general lesson about what makes businesses succeed.

　　The ultimate test of an explanation is whether it would have made the event predictable in advance. No story of Google’s unlikely success will meet that test, because no story can include the myriad of events that would have caused a different outcome. …… 此处隐藏：2373字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……