Lesson 1 Civil Engineering

Lesson 1 Civil Engineering

一、New Words:

1. Civil [N] 土木 [ˋs v!]

2.Environment [N] 环境 [ nˋva r nm nt]

3.Scientific [adj] 科学的 [ sa nˋt f k]

4.irrigation [N] 灌溉 [ r ˋge n]

5. drainage [N] 排水; 放水[ˋdren d ]

6.Rocket-launching [N] 火箭发射 [ˋlɑnt ]

二、paragraph [n] [ˋpær græf ]

土木工程: (同位语 最古老的特别工程 ) ,

planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment.

计划, 设计, 建构 , 管理建筑环境。

This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

这个依据科学原则建构所有环境的结构, 从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。

二、New Words:

1.bridges桥梁 [N] [br d ]

2. tunnel隧道 [N] [ˋt n!]

3.dams 水坝 [N] [dæm]

4. harbor 港湾 [N] [ˋhɑr-b ]

5. power plants 发电厂 [N]

6. Sewage 污水 [N]KK['s d ]

7. privately 私下地 [adj] [ˋpra -v t-l ]

KK 8. Skyscrapers 摩天楼 [N] [ˋska skrep ]

9. industrial 工业的 [adj] KK[ nˋd s-tr l]

KK10. commercial 商业的 [adj] [k ˋm l]

11. residential 住宅的 [adj] KK[ r z ˋd n l]

12. essential 必要的 [adj]

KK[ ˋs n l]

三、paragraph

Civil engineers built roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbos, Power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, Mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society

and large population concentration.

土木工程在建构铁路，桥梁，隧道，大坝， 港湾，发电厂，水力与污水设施，医院，学校，大众运输系统和其它公共设施配合发展现代化社会与大量人口集中。

二、New Words:

KK1. citizen 市民 [N] [ˋs t zn]

K2. military 军事的 [adj] K[ˋm l t r ]

3. predominate 支配 [adj] KK[pr ˋdɑ-m net]

4. broader 宽的 [adj] KK[br d]

The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smenton used the term to differential his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military

engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.

土木单字是由拉丁公民命名，在1782年， John Smenton 使用这项目同时用来支配非军事工程的工作. 因为土木工程通常贯称为建构公共设施，所以此用词是非常宽广的。

1. structural [ˋstr kt r l ] [adj] 结构的

2. speciality [ sp ˋæl t ] [N] 特质

3. support [s ˋport ] [vt] 支持、支撑

4. offshore [ˋ fˋ or] [adj] 海岸的

5. transmission [trænsˋm n] [N] 传送

6. towers [ˋta ] [N] 塔

7. giant [ˋd a nt] [adj ]巨大的

8. astronomical [ æstr ˋnɑm k!] [adj] 天文学的 9. telescopes [ˋt l skop] [N] 望远镜

resist [r ˋz st] [N] 反抗 10.

hurricane [ˋh ken] [N] 暴风雨 11.

temperature [ˋt mpr t ] [N] 温度 12.

earthquake [ˋ θ kwek] [N] 地震 13.

combination [ kɑmb ˋne n] [N ] 结合 14.

appropriate [ ˋpropr et ] [adj] 合适的 15.

steel 钢, concrete 混凝土, stone 石头 16.

asphalt [ˋæsf lt] [N] 沥青 17.

brick [br k] 砖块 18.

aluminum [ ˋlum n m] [N] 铝 19.

Structural engineering. In this speciality, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, inclouding bridges, Dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of project. 结构工程, 此工程特质, 土木工程师计划设计结构许多形态，包括桥梁、水坝、发电场、设备之撑架构, 海岸计划中特殊的结构，在美国的空间设计，传送高塔，巨大天文构造，无线电望远镜，和许多种计划等。

Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: it own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. 使用计算机用以计算建筑结构必需抵抗承受的外力， 包括：结构本身自重, 风力，台风力，温度效用，地震力等 用这些外力来考虑建筑所需要的材料。

They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, stone, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.

工程师通常也计算合成材料包括：钢筋、混凝土、塑料材料、石材、砖块、沥青、铝合金、或其它合成材料。

1. geotechnical [d oˋt kn k!] [adj] 大地的

2. field [fild] [N] 场地

3. analyze [ˋæn! a z ] [vt] 分析

4. property [ˋprɑp t ] [N] 所有物

5. Soil [s l] [N] 土壤

6. evaluate [ ˋvælj et] [vt] 估算

7. potential [p ˋt n l] 潜在的

8. settlement [ˋs t!m nt] [N] 居住地

9. stem [st m] [N] 树干

10. pressure [ˋpr ] [N] 挤压

11. strengthen [ˋstr θ n] [N] 增强

Geotechnical engineering. Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. 大地工程, 土木工程师对于整个场地进行土壤和岩石的分析用以进行支撑整体会影响结构本身的行为。

They evaluate and work to minimize the potential

settlement of buildings and other structures that stem from the pressure of their weight on the earth.

大地工程师估算建构整个场地和计算其它结构重量传递压力重量给大地基础。

These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquake and the effects of groundwater.

大地工程师通常估算如何增强坡度的稳定和填土和如何保护整体结构物来对抗地震和地下水的影响设计。