英语语言学重点及问题总汇

根据戴炜栋版英语语言学教程所做的笔记及重点,对外语系学生及有志考英语研究生的同学比较有用

Basic Notions in English Linguistics

Chapter 1 Introduction

1. What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication. 2. What are design features of language?

Arbitrariness, duality, displacement, interchangeability, creativity, cultural transmission

3. What is arbitrariness?

There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 4. What is displacement?

Language is free from barriers caused by separation of time and place. 5. What is duality?

Language is a system consisting of two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (meanings) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each level has its own principles of organization. 6. What is creativity?

Language users can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences.

7. What is cultural transmission?

The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.

8. What are three general functions of

language proposed by Halliday?

Ideational, interpersonal, textual 9. What is linguistics?

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

10. What are main branches of linguistics? Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics 11. What is macro-linguistics?

The study of language in relation to other disciplines, e.g. sociolinguistics 12. What is the distinction of prescriptive and descriptive?

Prescribe what people should say, describe what people actually use

13. What is the distinction of competence and performance?

The ideal user’s knowledge of language rules and the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 14. What is the distinction of synchronic and diachronic?

The study of language in time and through time

15. What is the distinction of speech and writing?

Natural/primary and invented/secondary media of human language 16. What is traditional grammar?

The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

17. What are speech sounds?

Meaningful sounds in human linguistic communication 18. What is phonetics?

It studies the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds.

19. What are three branches of phonetics? Articulatory, acoustic, auditory

20. What are the three cavities in speech production?

Oral, nasal, pharyngeal 21. What is IPA short for?

根据戴炜栋版英语语言学教程所做的笔记及重点,对外语系学生及有志考英语研究生的同学比较有用

International Phonetic Alphabet 22. What is the main principle of IPA?

There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound in all languages.

23. What are broad and narrow

transcriptions?

With letter-symbols (and diacritics)

24. Where does the distinction lie between

the production of vowels and consonants?

The obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity

25. Describe the consonant [ ].

Voiced place manner 26. Describe the vowel [ ].

High front long rounded 27. What is phonology?

The study of sound system, pattern 28. What is a phoneme?

An abstract phonological unit of distinctive value 29. What is allophony?

The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different phonological contexts 30. What is a minimal pair?

A pair of sound sequences identical in every way except for one sound segment occurring in the same place in the strings 31. What is assimilation?

A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound

32. What are major suprasegmental features?

Syllable, stress, tone, intonation 33. What are the four Chinese tones? Level, rise, fall-rise, fall

34. How do intonations convey meanings? Falling indicates a straight-forward statement, rising makes a question, and fall-rise indicates an implied message.

Chapter 3 Lexicon

35. What is a word?

A minimum free linguistic unit 36. How are words classified?

Variability, meaning, part of speech, membership limit 37. What is morphology?

The study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed

38. What is a morpheme?

The minimal unit of meaning 39. What are types of morphemes?

Free/bound (derivational/inflectional,

prefix, infix, suffix, bound root)

40. What are the two major ways of word formation?

Derivation, compound

41. New words are added to English vocabulary in many ways. What are they?

Coinage/invention, blending, borrowing, back-formation, abbreviation, analogy 42. How does language change in terms of meaning?

Meaning shift, broadening, narrowing Chapter 4 Syntax

43. What is syntax?

The study of sentence structure and the rules by which sentences are formed 44. What are the four representative

approaches to Syntax?

Traditional, structural, TG, functional 45. What are the categories of noun? Number, case, gender

根据戴炜栋版英语语言学教程所做的笔记及重点,对外语系学生及有志考英语研究生的同学比较有用

46. What are the categories of verb?

Tense, voice, mood 47. What is a sentence?

The minimum part of L that expresses a complete thought, traditionally

48. What are grammatical units at different

levels? Morpheme, phrase, clause, sentence

49. What are the grammatical elements of a sentence?

Subject, predicate (predicator, object, comp.) 50. What are the seven basic sentence patterns in English? SVO, SV, SVC, SVA, SVOC, SVOA, SVOO

Chapter 5 Semantics

51. What is semantics?

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