《英语语法》第十四章 一致

自考英语语法笔记

第十四章 一致

一致原则

一致有三个原则：语法一致原则；意义一致原则；就近一致原则。

①Everybody was happy with the decision.（语法一致）大家对这一决定都很满意。 ②The audiences were brought to their feet at the sight of Superman in his wheelchair. （意义一致）观众们掂起脚尖看轮椅里的那个超人。

Either you or I am responsible for the mistake. （就近一致）你或我应对这一错误负责。 语法一致原则要求主语和谓语动词要在人称和数方面取得语法上的一致，

也就是说，动词采用单数还是复数形式，用单数还是用复数主要取决于说话者对名词的理解，

①The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.（单数）

一般家庭比过去小多了。

②His family were at variance with him in their opinions about his plan to join the army. （复数）他的家人在他的参军计划上与他持不同的意见。

例①中的familyfamily是复数，这从复数动词were和人称代词their

①Neither my wife nor I am coming to the ceremnoy.我和妻子都不去参加这一仪式。 ②There is a bed,a desk, two bookcases and two comfortable chairs in the room． 房间里有一张床，一张桌，两个书架，两个躺椅。

如果主语和谓语被插入的修饰成分隔开，就要依据就近原则。实际上，

Dr. Black together with his crew are going to stay in the observe station for a whole winter．

注意：就近原则通常只用于非正式文体，在正式的文体中应避免，

一般来说，语法一致原则用于正式文体，因此在课堂教学中要严

格遵守。意义一致原则和就近一致原则在正式英语中只是对语法一致原则起辅助作用。 主谓一致

自考英语语法笔记

在第三章中我们已经讨论了名词的分类并在数方面提到了主谓一致，那一章里我们用了 集体名词作主语

人们通常认为集体名词形式上是单数，表示的是复数意义，但并不是所有的集体名词都如此。有些集体名词通常是单数，

表示无生命的东西，更具体地说，无生命的集合体的集合名词通常用单数形式，

①New machinery is arriving tomorrow.新机器明天就到。

②Jewelry is no longer a mark of wealth.珠宝不再是财富的象征。

表示有生命的集体名词又可以分为三类：

（一）与定冠词连用的集体名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：

the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, the church, the clergy, the elite, the gentry, the press, 等。

（二）谓语动词用复数的集体名词：cattle，militia，people，police，vermin等

（三）谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数的集体名词：army，audience, brood, committee, community, company, council,crew, data, department, enemy, family, government, group, herd, jury, majority, media, minority, navy, nobility, opposition, 。下面分别举例说明这三类集体名词：

(1)①The public holds a very negative attitude towards this newspaper.

民众对这一报纸持否定态度。

②The aristocracy does not enjoy as much privileg as it used to．

贵族们不再享有以前的特权了。

(2)①The British police have very limited powers.英国警方权利有限。

②Poultry are less expensive in the rural areas.家禽在乡村要便宜的多。

(3)①I like to know what the enemy is thinking.我想知道敌人在想什么。

②The enemy were going to attack soon.敌人将很快发动进攻。

③The audience is requested to remain seated during the intermission.

幕间休息时要求观众坐在座位上。

④The audience have taken their seats.观众已经就座。

⑤Each family was asked to plant a tree before summer came.

夏季到来之前要求每家种一棵树。

⑥The family are noisy upstairs.楼上的那家人很吵。

成的集合。一般来说，单数形式强调的是整体概念，而复数形式强调的是集体中的个体，表

自考英语语法笔记

示某一名词也是如此：

广播公司派他去香港报道有关政权交接的情况。

②The BBC are planning to change some programme schedule.BBC

广播公司正计划改变某些节目。

③England is leading l-0 at half time.英格兰前半场一比零领先。

④England are usually stronger than France, but this year France are doing better at 英格兰队一般比法国队强，但今年法国队在欧洲锦标赛上比英格兰队强。

主语也可以是the+形容词，从意义上来说，它相当于集合名词，

①The poor are getting poorer; the rich richer.穷人越穷，富人越富。

② 老年人为经验丰富而自负，年轻人为自己的年轻而自豪。

③The deceased was his grandfather.死者是他的祖父。

④The beautiful only has value confirmed by the ugly．美只有通过丑才能得到证实。 并列连接的名词词组作主语

并列连接的名词词组作主语要比集体名词作主语复杂的多。 因为它们所指内容相同。

最常用的并列连接词是and ( both.., and)

①Peter and Bob are deadly rivals.彼得鲍勃是两个死对头。

②Both work and play prove indispensable to the development of a healthy personality. 工作和玩耍被证明是健康的人格培养所离不开的

③His opinion and mine are quite similar,他的观点与我的观点非常相似。

④A hot shower, a cup of milk, a bag of potato chips, and then a good sleep were all 并列项目中没有and或并列连接词隐藏在表示省略的词语（etc.= and so on）中，(etc. =and so on) 中，也要遵循同样的原则。

①Her camera, passport, money, diary were all left in the hotel.

②An impressive cover page, a good topic, an approved format, etc. are essential for the making of

自考英语语法笔记

a favorable impression on an academic paper.

(1)①Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. ②The Stars and Stripes was flying from the flagpole. 星条旗在旗杆上飘扬。

(2)①Pride and prejudice has never failed to characteriz the aristocracy.

《傲慢与偏见》成功地描写了贵族们的性格特点。

②Her lawyer and lifelong fiiend was going to betray her.

她的律师也是终身的朋友将背叛她。

③Law and order was not recovered until after the war. 直到战后才恢复治安。

④All this effort and sacrifice has not helped him to alleviate the poverty.

所有这一切努力和牺牲并没有帮助他脱离贫穷。

⑤This tenth and last book of his was written when he was bed ridden．

他的第十本也是最后一本书是在病榻上写成的。

如果并列的几个项前有each和every修饰，谓语更趋向用单数，

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