2009~2013年中山大学外国语学院语言学概论C考研真题及答案【圣才

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2013年中山大学外国语学院834语言学概论C 考研真题及答案

I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)

Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni:θ/

1. empirical

2. plagiarize

3. compound

4. finite

5. clause

6. phonemics

7. threatened

8. epiphenomenon

9. beta

10. generic

答：

1. empirical

— /

/ 2. plagiarize —

3. compound —

4. finite —

5. clause —

6. phonemics —

2

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7. threatened —

8. epiphenomenon —

9. beta —

10. generic —

II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)

1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.

3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______ ,which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.

4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______ ,substitution, etc.

5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.

7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R based implicatures cannot.

8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the

constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.

9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.

10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness to

designate something in the scene.

11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have the

following possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.

12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of

example-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.

13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.

The consonants are then pided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.

14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,

interpersonal, and textual meanings.

15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is

not arbitrary at the ______ level.

答：

1. Displacement

2. Consonants

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3. morphology

4. reference

5. synchronic

6. interlanguage

7. Horn

8. compositionality

9. monistic

10. deixis

11. Short

12. computational

13. non-pulmonic

14. realization

15. syntactic

III. Define the following terms. (50 points)

1. recreational function

答：recreational function: The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.

2. pharyngeal

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答：pharyngeal: Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.

3. loanshift

答：loanshift: It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。

4. tree diagram

答：tree diagram: In a theory of syntax, we often uses tree diagrams (phrase markers) to represent syntactic structure. For example, “The old tree swayed in the wind” can be illustrated as the following.

5. sense relations

答：sense relations: Words are often in different sense relations with each other. It may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. It is concerned with the intralinguistic relations. It includes three types of relations. Synonymy is the

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technical name for the sameness relation. Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and converse antonymy. Hyponymy means the notion of meaning inclusiveness.

6. scale schema

答：scale schema: It involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, and consists of any of the following: a closed-end or open-ended progression of amount, a position in the progression of amount, one or more norms of amount, a calibration of amount. Here are some examples of scale schemas: physical amounts, properties in the number system.

7. perlocutionary act

答：perlocutionary act: According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. A locutionary act is the uttering of words, phrases, and clauses, which conveys meaning by giving out meaningful sounds. Therefore, when somebody says “Morning”, we can ask a question like “What did he do?”, and the an …… 此处隐藏：3751字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……