新概念英语1总结（部分）(2)

I have hurt myself.

He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart. 句型变化：

★变疑问句将助动词 have / has 移到句首，变否定句在助动词have / has 后面加not. e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, I have. No, I have not. ★特殊疑问句：

What have you done? What has he done?

一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：

表达过去做的一件事情，凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。没有的用现在完成时。 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例：

I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.