14法国英国、德国的启蒙运动

启蒙

Enlighten 悟 Enlightenment

Enlightenment Wu rendered as Enlightenment refers to

awakening experiences in the lives of the great and not so great spiritual seekers. Sudden Enlightenment or dun wu may come to one, but unless he or she is prepared to recognize it, it will almost certainly come only to slip away. Gradual Enlightenment or jian wu may come gradually. Which is Better: Gradual or Sudden Enlightenment? Neither is better than the other. They can not be ranked as superior vs. inferior.

The state of being unenlightened

We need to be enlightened on cultural differences. Kindness or violation of privacy How much money can you earn a month? Modesty or confidence You are over-praising me. 过奖! 过奖!

The Enlightened vs. the Unenlightened

On May 7,2010, a speeding car, driven by Hu Bin, a secondgeneration rich, hit and killed a pedestrian at the zebra crossing. The public hoped to charge Hu with a more severe crime because of two reasons. First, the suspect's action of racing on streets has caused danger to the public. Second, wealthy people violating laws and escaping punishment by spending money has become quite common in many places. The public strongly resent dirty deals between power and wealth. ―Power and money are daggers.‖ The accident has enlightened him and his parents.

The Enlightened vs. the Unenlightened The son of billionaire investor Warren Buffett has a

message for today's money-rich parents: teach your children values and do not give them everything they want. Musician and now author Peter Buffett preaches the message in his new book "Life is What You Make it: Finding Your Own Path to Fulfillment". The book describes how he wound up a "normal, happy" person instead of a spoiled child to one of the world's richest people. "I am my own person and I know what I have accomplished in my life," he said. "This isn't about wealth or fame or money or any of that stuff, it is actually about values and what you enjoy and finding something you love doing."

Today, we tell about—

The Age of Enlightenment (启蒙运动)The 18th Century

启蒙运动 启蒙运动是文艺复兴运动反封建、反教会斗

争的继续，是第二次思想文化的革命。 启蒙：用理性、智慧、自由与平等去启迪人 们，驱逐愚昧。 启蒙运动与文艺复兴的区别更具政治色彩 中心在法国

I. General Introduction 1. Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment, called the Age of

Reason, covers about a century and a half in Europe, beginning with the publication of Francis Bacon's Novum Organum (《新工具》 1620) and ending with Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781). The Age of Enlightenment , from the socio-political perspective, is considered to have begun with the close of the Thirty Years’ War (1648) and ended with the French Revolution (1789).

The most important forerunnersJohn Locke J

ohn Locke’s the social contract 1. The social contract must be understood as involving the inpidual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority; absolute monarchy is contrary to the original social contract 2. The ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. 3. Men are equal and they enter a social contract by reason

2.Historical Context a period of turbulence, full of ideological,

political, social and economic revolutions the American War of Independence of 1776 the French Revolution of 1789 the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)

法国 孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、卢梭其人 哲理小说 伏《老实人》

卢梭《忏悔录》

II.French Philosophy and Literature1.Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)the first of the great French men of letters (文人) associated with the Enlightenment. the jurist(法理学家), Satirist(讽刺学家), political and social philosopher

II.French Philosophy and Literature2.Baron de Montesquieu Biographyhis title and his fortune Persian Letters (1721) 《波斯人信札》 On the Spirit of Laws (1784) 《论法的精神》 three types of government: a monarchy (ruled by a king or queen) a republic (ruled by an elected leader) a despotism (ruled by a dictator) ―separation of powers‖.三权分立

II. French Philosophy and Literature 3. Voltaire (pen name )(1694-1771)French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher an outspoken and aggressive enemy of every injustice His works are an outstanding embodiment of the principles of the French Enlightenment. Lettres Anglaise ( also circulated as Lettres Philosophiques) (1739)

Candide (1758)

II. French Philosophy and Literature 4. Voltaire Biography In 1717, imprisoned in the Bastille for eleven months for

writing a scathing satire of the French government. From 1726 to 1729 lived in England. After returning to Paris he wrote a book praising English customs and institutions. It was interpreted as criticism of the French government and in 1734, Voltaire was forced to leave Paris again. In 1749, after the death of "Marquise du Chatelet" and at the invitation of the King of Prussia, "Frederick the Great," he moved to Potsdam. In 1759, Voltaire purchased an estate called "Ferney" near the French-Swiss border where he lived until just before of his death.