材料科学与工程专业(第四版)英语翻译(1,2,3,5,6,7单元)(3)

“陶瓷”这个词是来自希腊keramos，这意味着“陶土”或“陶”。它的起源是梵文术语，意思是“燃烧”。因此，早期的希腊人用“keramous”描述加热含粘土的物料获得的产品。这个词早已包括所有陶土制成的产品，例如，砖，粘土质耐火材料，卫生洁具，餐具。In 1822, refractory silica were first made. Although they contained no clay, the traditional ceramic process of shaping, drying, and firing was used to make them. So the term" ceramic," while retaining its original sense of a product made from clay, began to include other products made by the same manufacturing process. The field of ceramics (broader than the materials themselves) can be defined as the art and science of making and using solid articles that contain as their essential component a ceramic. This definition covers the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components, and the study of structure, composition, and properties.

1822年，耐火材料二氧化硅被首次提出。虽然他们中没有粘土，传统陶瓷的塑造过程，干燥和烧成使用，使它们。所以说，“陶瓷”，同时保留其原来意义上的粘土制成的产品，开始

向包括由同一制造工艺制成的其他产品。陶瓷比材料本身更广泛的领域可以被定义为制作和使用含有固体的文章作为自己的重要组成部分陶瓷艺术和科学。这个定义涵盖了原料的净化，研究和生产有关的化学成分，他们到组件的形成，结构，组成和性质的研究。

Ceramics are usually associated with "mixed" bonding-a combination of covalent, ionic, and sometimes metallic. They consist of arrays of

interconnected atoms; there are no discrete molecules. This characteristic distinguishes ceramics from molecular solids such as iodine crystals

(composed of discrete I2 molecules) and paraffin wax (composed of long-chain alkane molecules). It also excludes ice, which is composed of discrete H20 molecules and often behaves just like many ceramics. The majority of ceramics are compounds of metals or metalloids and nonmetals. Most frequently they are oxides, nitrides, and carbides.

陶瓷通常与“混合”接合的共价键，离子，有时金属结合。他们组成的相互联系的原子阵列;没有离散的分子。这一特点区分，如碘晶体（离散碘分子组成）和石蜡（长链烷烃分子组成）分子固体的陶瓷。它也排除了冰，这是由离散的水分子，往往表现就像许多陶瓷。大多数陶瓷，金属或非金属化合物和非金属。他们最常见的氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。

However, diamond and graphite are also classified as ceramics. These forms of carbon are inorganic in the most basic meaning of the term: they were not prepared from the living organism. 然而，金刚石和石墨也被归类为陶瓷。这些形式的碳是无机一词的最基本的含义：他们不准备从活的有机体。

General Properties一般属性

Ceramics generally have specific properties associated with them. We will look at some properties and see how closely they match our expectations of what constitutes a ceramic.

陶瓷一般都与他们相关的特定属性。我们将看看一些属性，看看他们如何紧密匹配何谓陶瓷我们的期望。

Brittleness脆性This probably comes from personal experiences such as dropping a glass beaker or a dinner_ plate. The reason that the majority of ceramics are brittle is the mixed ionic-covalent bonding that holds the

constituent atoms together. At high temperatures (above the glass transition temperature), glass no longer behaves in a brittle manner; it behaves as a viscous liquid. That is why it is easy to form glass into intricate shapes. Sowhat we can say is that most ceramics are brittle at room temperature but not necessarily at elevated temperatures.

这可能来自于个人的经验，如删除一个玻璃烧杯或餐盘。大多数陶瓷是易碎的原因是共同持有的组成原子的混合离子共价键。在高温（玻璃化转变温度以上），玻璃不再表现脆性的方式，它作为一种粘性液体的行为。这就是为什么它很容易形成复杂形状的玻璃。因此，我们可以说是大多数陶瓷在室温下很脆，但在高温下不一定。

Poor electrical and thermal conduction恶劣的电气和热传导The valence electrons are tied up in bonds, and are not free as they are in metals. In metals it is the free electrons-the electron gas-that determines many of their electrical and thermal properties. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material. The conduction mechanism is due to Phonons, not electrons. Ceramics can also have high electrical conductivity,(1)the oxide ceramic, ReO3, has an electrical conductivity at room temperature similar to that of Cu; (2) the mixed oxide YBa2Cu3O7 is an HTSC; it has zero resistivity below 92K. 价电子被捆绑起来的债券，是不是免费的，因为他们在金属。在金属，它是自由电子的电子气，决定其电气和热性能。钻石，这是作为陶瓷的分类，有任何已知的材料的

第二篇范文：材料科学与工程基础英文版第五版课后习题

Homework 1

1.1 What are materials? List eight commonly encountered engineering materials.

Answer1.1: Materials are substances of which something is composed or made. Steels, aluminum alloys, concrete, wood, glass, plastics, ceramics and electronic materials.

1.2 What are the main classes of engineering materials?

Answer1.2: Metallic, polymeric, ceramic, composite, and electronic materials are the five main classes. …… 此处隐藏：2336字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……