Lecture8英语词汇学学习课件

Lecture Eight

Sense Relations

Lecture 8 Sense Relations讲授题目： Sense Relations 所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第6、7章 计划学时：2 periods 教学方法：传统讲授法 参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，力求使学生对 词义关系等基本理论有所 了解，并能领会和运用。

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relationsWhat are sense relations(语义关系)? Words are arbitrary symbols and are

independent identities so far as their outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.

Lecture 8 Sense RelationsIn this lecture, we will discuss polysemy、 homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy.

1. Polysemy (多义关系)Polysemy is a common feature to all natural languages. This is particularly true of highly developed languages like English. In modern English, an overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.

Sense Relations1) Two approaches to the polysemy Various meaning of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach. ① Diachronic approach:

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Lecture 8 Sense Relations从历时的观点来看，多义关系是一个 词的语义结构发展变化的结果。在一个词 创造之初，它只有一个意思，这个意思称 为原始意义(Primary meaning)。随着 时间的推移和语言的发展，词就取得了越 来越多的意思。这些后来发展的意义叫做 派生意义(derived meanings)。

(1) the front of the head 头的前部 (2) the facial expression 面部表情 (3) a surface of a thing 表面

试以 face 为例(WNWD)

(4) the side or surface that is marked, as of a clock, etc. 正面 (5) the appearance; outward aspect 外表 (6) [CH idom] dignity; self-respect, as in lose / save face (汉语成 语) 面子，如丢脸/保全面子 (8) the topography (of an area) 地形 (8) the functional and striking surface (of a tool, golf club, etc. ) 出面 (9) [colloq ] effrontery; audacity (口) 厚脸皮 (10) What is shown by the language of a document, without explanation and addition (文件的) 字面 (11) (mining) the end of a tunnel, drift, etc. where work is being done. (煤矿等的)采掘面 (12) the type surface on which a letter is out 版面

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relations在以上所列出的face 的12个意义中，义项 (1)是原始意义，其余都是派生意义。这些意义 都是按扩展、缩小、类比、引用等方法产生的。 ② Synchronic approach 从共时的角度来看，多义关系可以认为是 一个词的各种意义在某一历

史时期(比如现代 英语)的共存。以这样的眼光来审视，一个词 的基本意义就是词义的核心，叫核心义 (central meaning)。派生义，不管有多少， 都是次要的，外围的。

Lecture 8 Sense Relations在以上face的例子中，义项(1)是核心义，其余11 项都是次要意义(secondary meaning)。 2) Two Processes of Development The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation(辐射型) and concatenation(连锁型) .

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relationsis a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. If we give a graphic description of the meanings of face, it would look very much like a wheel of the bicycle.

① Radiation

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relations

Radiation of meanings of face

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relations—— meaning linking together‘, it describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. In many cases, there is no direct connection between the first sense and the latest sense. Take the word candidate for example:

②

Concatenation

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relations(1) white-robed 白色长袍的 (2) office seeker in white gowns 穿着长袍的求职者 (3) a person who seeks an office 申请求职者 (4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc. 候选人

Lecture 8 Sense( Meaning ) relationsGenerally speaking, radiation and concatenation are closely related, in many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.

2. Homonymy (同形异义关系或同音异义关系)

Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.

Sense( Meaning ) relationsBased on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes:

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(1) Perfect homonyms (完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bank— n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. 岸 bank—n. an establishment for money business 银行

Sense( Meaning ) relationsbear —— n. a large, heavy animal 熊 bear —— v. to put up with 忍受 (2) Homographs ( 同 形 异 音 异 义 词 ) are words identical only spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow——n. bending the head as a greeting 鞠 躬 bow——n. the device used for shooting arrows 弓

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