初中英语第五讲

第五讲 定语从句与同位语从句、特殊句式

一．定语从句

1. 概念：复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，它起定语的作用。（复合句是由一个主句或一个以上的从句而构成的句子。）从句只用作句子的一个成份，起修饰和说明的作用，不能独立存在。

2.先行词与关系词区分以及关系

3.关系代词和关系副词

A．初中阶段关系代词：

When she heard the news that told by her father, she was too sad to say any words.

(3) We should not ignore the fact that the air is important to creatures when we have biological experiments.

We should not ignore the fact that known by everyone when we have biological experiments.

三．特殊句型

1. there be结构 某处/某时有某人/某物

A．肯定形式：就近原则 There are two boys and a teacher.

e.g. There is a book, three pencils and some erasers on the desk. 强调there be 和have的区别

B．否定形式：there be not…

e.g. There isn’t any meat in the fridge.

There aren’t pens in the shop.

C.一般疑问句:---Is/Are there…?

---Yes, there is/are.

---No, there isn’t/aren’t.

D.特殊疑问句：Wh-/How +be(+there)…?

---What’s ( there ) in your bag?

---There is a pen and some books.

E.将来结构： There will be, There is going to be

e.g. There is going to be a meeting next week.

F.反意疑问结构：There is a lovely cat in front of the door, isn’t there?

2.倒装句

A．so, neither 引导的倒装句1).so +助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语

2).neither +助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语

e.g. Nancy passed the examination, so did I.

Nancy didn’t pass the examination, neither did I.

So do I 与So I do

e.g. ---Nancy passed the examination.

---So did I. /So did she. 我也是/她也是

--- Nancy passed the examination.

---So she did. 她的确通过了

B．there be 句型的倒装 介词短语位于句首，省去there或have has等表达 “有”的词

e.g. There is a car in front of the door.= In front of the door is a car. There is a cup on the table. = On the table is a cup.

C.方位副词置于句首时的倒装 here, there, out, in, down, away等方位副词置 于句首且主语为名词时，需要倒装

Here you are. Away went the football fans.

省略句

1. 省略句的定义

省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。

2.小品词的省略

（ 1 ）省略介词

He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。 I ' ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。

（ 2 ）省略连词 that

I believe (that) you will succeed ． 我相信你们会成功的。

It ' s a pity (that) he ' s leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。

I ' m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。

注：在宾语从句中，当有两个及以上并列从句时，第一个that可省，以后的均不可省。

（ 3 ）省略关系代词

I ' ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。

He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。

3. 句子成分的省略

（ 1 ）省略主语

Beg your pardon. （我）请你原谅。（ Beg 前省略了主语 I ）

Take care! 当心！（ Take 前省略了主语 you ）

Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。（ Looks 前省略了主语 it ） （ 2 ）省略谓语

Who next? 该谁了？（ Who 后面省略了谓语 comes ）

The river was deep and the ice thin. （ ice 后面省略了 was ）

We ' ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（ can 后面省略了动词 do ） （ 3 ）省略表语

Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（ am 后面省略ready ）

He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。（ had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports ）

（ 4 ）省略宾语

Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（ wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes ）

（ 5 ）省略定语

He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分，其余的他都存了起来。（ the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money ）

（ 6 ）省略状语

He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（ Strange 前面省略了状语 how ）

注意：

1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份

What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！

Pity he ' s failed. (= It is a pity that he ' s failed.) 很遗憾，他失败了。 I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。

2. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构：

a) 在以 if, when, though, as if （好像）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是 be ，常将主语和动词 be 省略。

If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。

Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。

While cycling, don ' t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。 b) 由固定词组引导的疑问句：

What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？

How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？ What if it ' s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办？

Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？

c) 在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号 to 。

He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。

Don ' t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。

3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已经定型，如果把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。

He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（ am 之后省略 tall ，补上不合习惯） No parking. 禁止停车。（告示用语 = No parking is allowed here. ） 有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：

Not at all. 不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。